GIS Data

Data collection through surveying

It is the most holistic approach to

data collection. Data are gathered either
from on-site surveys or from remote
sensing, photogrammetry and GPS
techniques and through their
combination we have primary data
collection which results in scientific maps
and research.
 Surveying
1. Locations of objects is
determined by angle and distance
measurements from known locations
using Total Station and GPS unit
2. Uses expensive field equipment
and crews
3. Most accurate method for small
areas
1. Ground surveying is based on the principle that the 3-D
location of any point can be determined by measuring
angles and distances from other known points.
2. Traditional equipment like transits and theodolites
have been replaced by total stations that can measure
both angles and distances to an accuracy of 1 mm
3. Ground survey is a very time-consuming and expensive
activity, but it is still the best way to obtain highly
accurate point locations.
4.Typically used for capturing buildings, land and property
boundaries, manholes, and other objects that need to be
located accurately.
5.Also employed to obtain reference marks for use in
other data capture projects
 Satellite Image
Satellite remote sensing has been applied
to a variety of emergency responses for
predicting, monitoring and/or managing
natural or man-made disasters locally,
regionally and globally. It has demonstrated
that satellite imagery is a great data source
for quickly responding to different
emergency events.
 Cartographic Information
Raster data capture using scanners
Three main reasons to scan hardcopy media are
1. Documents are scanned to reduce wear and tear,
improve access, provide integrated
database storage, and to index them geographically
2.Film and paper maps, aerial photographs, and
images are scanned and georeferenced so that they
provide geographic context for other data
3. Maps, aerial photographs and images are scanned
prior to vectorization
 Vector data capture

1. Secondary vector data capture

involves digitizing vector objects
from maps and other
geographic data sources.
Heads-up digitizing and vectorization

1.Vectorization is the process of converting

raster data into vector data.
2.The simplest way to create vectors from
raster layers is to digitize vector objects
manually straight off a computer screen
using a mouse or digitizing cursor.
3. Describes how automated vectorization
is performed
 Photogrammatry
1. It is the science and technology of making
measurements from pictures, aerial photographs,
and images.
2. Measurements are captured from overlapping
pairs of photographs using stereo plotters.
3.Orientation and triangulation are fundamental
photogrammetry processing tasks.
4. Orientation is the process of creating a stereo
model suitable for viewing and extracting 3-D
vector coordinates that describe geographic
objects.
 Photogrammatry

5.Triangulation (also called ̳block adjustment‘) is used

to assemble a collection of images into a single model
so that accurate and consistent information can be
obtained from large areas.
6. Orthoimages are images corrected for variations in
terrain using a DEM.
7. Photogrammetry is a very cost-effective data
capture technique that is sometimes the only practical
method of obtaining detailed topographic data
Existing Written Information
 Other Information

The best way to find

geographic data is to search
the Internet
 Spatial Data
Also known as geospatial data or geographic information
it is the data or information that identifies the geographic
location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as
natural or constructed features, oceans, and more. Spatial
data is usually stored as coordinates and topology, and is
data that can be mapped. Spatial data is often accessed,
manipulated or analyzed through Geographic Information
Systems
 Vector Data

Vector data represents any

geographical feature through
point, line or polygon or
combination of these.
 Point
A point in GIS is represented by one pair
of coordinates (x & y). It is considered as
dimension-less object. Most of the times
a point represent location of a feature
(like cities, wells, villages etc.).
 Line

A line or arc contains at least two pairs of

coordinates (say- x1, y1 & x2, y2). In other words a
line should connect minimum two points. Start and
end points of a line are referred as nodes while
points on curves are referred as vertices. Points at
intersections are also called as nodes. Roads,
railway tracks, streams etc. are generally
represented by line
 Polygon

In simple terms, polygon is a closed

line with area. It takes minimum three
pairs of coordinates to represent an
area or polygon. Extent of cities,
forests, land use etc. is represented by
polygon.