HVAC system in 5 star

hotels

Presentation by:
Prashant Devda
MT15CTM11
HVAC
HVAC is an acronym that stands for “heating, ventilation and
air-conditioning.” Often installed into a single system, these
three functions of the HVAC system are closely interrelated to
provide thermal comfort and to maintain good indoor air quality.
HVAC in hotels…
To treat the temperature of a luxury hotel of, say 3000
rooms, (which could be as big as a football stadium)
requires huge MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing)
equipment. According to Netscribes, an average five star
hotel consumes about 8.8 Million Kwh of energy, which
consumes up to 18 per cent of its revenue. That in figures
adds up to Rs 90 lakh annual electricity bill for an average
five star hotel. This is an overwhelming figure but not as
overwhelming as the macro statistics. According to latest
tariff available, around Rs 2200 crore* is spent by hotels
annually on electricity
 GOAL OF HVAC IN HOTELS…
• Control of space temperature.
• Humidity.
• Air contaminants.
• Air motion to an area.
• Heating or cooling the air.
• Adding or deleting moisture to or from the air to
adjust for optimum relative humidity.
• Filtering or cleaning the air.
 • Provide
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF HVAC
fresh air
• Control temperature and humidity
• Filter incoming air in the building
• Control air flow
– By creating pressure differentials
– Directional supply (laminar flow)
– Alignment of supply and exhaust/return
• Quickly relocate, dilute and remove airborne
contaminants
WORKING OF HVAC
WORKING OF HVAC…
TYPES OF HVAC SYSTEMS
WINDOW AIR CONDITIONER

Compressor, Condenser,
Expansion valve or coil,
Evaporator and Cooling coil
are enclosed in a single box
SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER
• Aesthetic Appeal
• Outdoor Unit And Indoor
Unit
• Outdoor Unit, Fitted
Outside The Room
(Compressor, Condenser
And Expansion Valve)
• The Indoor Unit Comprises
The Evaporator Or Cooling
Coil And The Cooling Fan
PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONER
• Used to cool more than two rooms or a larger
space
• All the components (compressor, condenser
(which can be air cooled or water cooled),
expansion valve and evaporator) are housed in a
single box
CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
If the whole building is to be air conditioned, HVAC
engineers find that putting individual units in each
of the rooms is very expensive making this a better
option and ECONOMICAL
A central air conditioning system is comprised of a
huge compressor that has the capacity to produce
hundreds of tons of air conditioning
Cooling big halls, malls, galleries, Super speciality
hospitals etc is usually only feasible with central
conditioning units
Air handling unit (AHU) 
An air handler, or air handling unit (often
abbreviated to AHU), is a device used to regulate and
circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-
conditioning (HVAC) system.
An air handler is usually a large metal box containing
a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter racks or
chambers, sound attenuators, and .
Air handlers usually connect to a ductworkventilation
system that distributes the conditioned air through
the building and returns it to the AHU dampers
 AHU
air flow is from the right
to left in this case. Some
AHU components shown
are
1 .Supply duct
2 .Fan compartment
3.Vibration isolator
4.Heating and/or
cooling coil
5 .Filter compartment
6.Mixed (recirculated +
outside) air duct
Parts
Condensing unit
Evaporator coil
Blower
Ducts
Thermostat
 Condensing unit

Condensing unit typically
is a high side assembly of a
refrigeration system. It is an
assembly of
compressor, condenser,
fan motor, controls and a
mounting plate
 EVAPORATOR COIL
• An evaporator is a device used to
turn the liquid form of a chemical into
its gaseous form. The liquid is
evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas.
• An evaporator is used in an 
air-conditioning system to allow a
compressed cooling chemical, such as
R-22 (Freon) or R-410A, to evaporate
from liquid to gas while absorbing
heat in the process
• It can also be used to remove water or
other liquids from mixtures.
DUCTS AND DIFFUSERS
HVAC duct…
BLOWER
THERMOSTAT

A thermostat is a component of
an HVAC control system which
senses the temperature of a 
system so that the system's
temperature is maintained near
a desired setpoint. The
thermostat does this by
switching heating or cooling
devices on or off, or regulating
the flow of a heat transfer fluid
as needed, to maintain the
correct temperature
Chiller
A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid
via a vapor-compression or 
absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be
circulated through a heat exchanger to cool air or
equipment as required. As a necessary byproduct,
refrigeration creates waste heat that must be exhausted
to ambient or, for great efficiency, recovered for heating
purposes. Concerns in design and selection of chillers
include performance, efficiency, maintenance, and
product life cycle environmental impact
Types of chillers in common use are:
Vapour Compression Chillers – The most commonly
used type. This type of machine uses the vapour
compression refrigeration cycle for producing chilled
water and electricity is consumed by the motor that
drives the compressor of the chiller. These machines can
be further categorised into air cooled chillers – where
the machine rejects heat to outside (ambient) air, or
water cooled chillers – where heat rejection is to water,
typically through cooling towers.
Vapour Compression Chillers
Absorption Chillers –
This type of machine
uses thermal energy
(heat), typically by
burning gas, rather than
using electricity as the
main source of energy to
produce chilled water.
Typical refrigerant
(absorbent) used is
Lithium Bromide (LiBr).
Air cooled chiller
Cooling Towers
Cooling towers are used for the rejection of heat from
water cooled chillers. Cooling towers draw heat rejection
water (referred to as condenser water) from the chiller
and this water is sprayed as droplets through a stream of
outside air drawn by a fan, thereby evaporating a small
proportion of the condenser water and cooling the
remainder in the process. The ambient air drawn
through the cooling tower increases in humidity and
temperature, and is discharged to the outside
atmosphere.
Cooling Towers
Chilled Water Applied Systems
HVAC in hotels
HVAC is one of the largest consumers of energy in the
hospitality industry, constituting approximately 30
percent or more of total costs.
The hotel industry is one of the most energy-intensive
subsectors of the tourism industry, with about 50% of the
overall energy consumption due to space conditioning. The
thermal comfort standards applied in defining the required
levels of thermal comfort in hotels have a substantial effect
on the overall energy use in this sector.
Minimum HVAC-system requirements for
hotels according to World Tourism Organization (as
cited in Lawson 2001)
Design temperature and humidity standards for hotel
spaces (based on CIBSE recommendations as cited in
Lawson 2001)
Various HVAC systems required in different
areas of hotel…
Gaust room
Guest Room heating and cooling units shall be fan coil type.
If horizontal concealed fan coil units are used, they shall be
located over the foyer ceiling, with filter access doors as
return grills.
If vertically stacked fan coil units are used, air outlets shall
be located so as not to cause drafts and to minimise sound
levels at the bed location.
Individual Guest Room thermostats shall be provided. The
thermostat shall be a combination heating cooling type with
colour coded graduated temperature adjustment, on off
switch and multiple 3 speed fan control.
 horizontal concealed fan coil

vertically stacked fan coil

Hotel Guestroom Temperature & Humidity
Design Temperatures & Relative
Space Humidity
°C (°F) %RH Heating °C (°F)
Guestrooms & 22.2(72) / 23.3(74)
Suites 50%RH
Guestroom 22.2(72) / 21.1(70)
Corridors 50%RH
Sample guestroom HVAC plans
LOBBY ENTRANCE
Lobby spaces requiring 24-hour operation
should be provided with a dedicated HVAC
system.
For lobby spaces at the exterior of a
building, a dedicated air-handling unit
should be provided to maintain positive
pressurization.
Front desk…
Restaurant
Restaurants present a unique Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
and ventilation challenge. A large amount of ventilation
air is required for both customers and the kitchen’s
cooking exhaust. The dining area must also be positively
pressurized relative to the kitchen and restrooms. The
restaurant’s HVAC equipment, therefore, must have
adequate humidity control and pressurization to prevent
humid air from affecting customer comfort or causing
humidity issues, such as slip & falls or musty odors.
HVAC Design Challenges
Kitchen Area
Ventilation based on cfm of hood exhaust to contain
and remove unwanted effluents
Negative pressure relative to dining area to avoid the
transfer of odors, heat, etc.
Space conditions at adequate level for productivity
 Humidity control to avoid food spoilage,
mold/bacteria, and slip & falls
Dining Area
Ventilation air requirement based on 15 cfm/person or .2
cfm/sqft
Positive pressure relative to the outdoors, kitchen and
restrooms
Space temperature at comfortable level (avoid freezing
customers)
Humidity control to avoid slip & falls, musty odors, costly
maintenance, condensation on windows or diffusers
Layout of HVAC
Bar/Lounge Bar
Bathroom
A new bathroom, however, may require extra heat
register or radiator. The new duct work should be
installed in "conditioned", or insulated, walls rather
than outside walls.
Ventilation is necessary in a bathroom to get rid of
unwanted moisture caused by showering and bathing.
The fan must be ducted to the outside to ensure that
moisture leaves the bathroom and the attic space.
Bathrooms
ventilation
Bathroom exhaust fan…
Conclusion
HVAC systems are complex, but understanding the
language of HVAC and principles of operation will help
you achieve optimum indoor air quality while
minimizing energy use. A well-executed preventive-
maintenance program, combined with building up keep
and equipment upgrades, can provide substantial
energy-cost savings.
Conclusion…
Improper design and improper installation of the HVAC
system have negative impacts on personal comfort and
on energy bills. Improper design and installation of a
HVAC system can dramatically degrade the quality of air
in a home. Poorly designed and poorly installed ducts
can create dangerous conditions that may reduce
comfort, degrade indoor air quality, or even threaten the
health of the homeowners.