Pda103t - 7 B Vitamins

Lecture No.
7
Vitamins
• At the end of this lecture, student will be able to

– Explain vitamin B deficiency disorders
– Describe the preventive measures
1
Faculty of pharmacy ©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Vitamins
Group of essential compounds which are bio

chemically unrelated but occur together
Total 11,8 for nutrition
B1(thiamine),B2(riboflavin),B3(niacin),B6(pyridoxine),
B12(cyanocobalamin),folic acid,biotin,pantothenic
acid
Metabolism of proteins,fats,carbohydrates
2
Vitamin B1(Thiamine)
Dietary sources:
Cereal grains ,milk, nuts, legumes, eggs, pulses, yeast,
green vegetables,fruits,rice & wheat bran
Requirements:
Infants: 0.3 - 0.5 mg/1000 kcal
Children(upto 12 yrs)- 0.7 - 1.4 mg
Adults- 1.0 - 1.5 mg
Pregnancy-0.3mg more
3
Functions
Carbohydrate metabolism
Thiamine abs thiamine pyrophosphate+co-
carboxylase active
Coenzyme for carboxylase-decarboxylase pyruvic
acid
Synthesis of ATP
Fat synthesis from carbohydrates
Biosynthesis of keto acids
Transketolase reactions
Brain,CVS,nervous system,heart functions
4
5
Deficiency
Beri-beri - failure of carb metabolism, accumulation of

pyruvic acid
Lesions-peripheral nerves,heart,brain
Energy for brain, nerves - oxidation of carbohydrate-
impaired
Heart- dec ATP synthesis- cardiac functions impaired
3 types:
1) Dry beri-beri(peripheral neuritis)
2) Wet beri-beri(cardiac manifestations)
3) Cerebral beri-beri(Wernicke-korsakoff’s syndrome)
6
Dry Beri-Beri
Symptoms-weakness,parasthesia,sensory loss
Nerves-polyneuritis,myelin
degeneration,fragmentations of axons
Extremities affected
Wet Beri-Beri
Symptoms-oedema,serous effusion,chronic
congestion of viscera
Heart-flabby,enlarged,globular
7
Cerebral beri-beri
Chronic alcoholism
WERNICKE’S ENCEPHALOPATHY:
Degeneration of ganglia
cells,demyelination,haemorrhage in nuclei
surrounding ventricles
KORSAKOFF’S PSYCHOSIS:
Psychosis after wernicke's encephalopathy
8
Vitamin B2(riboflavin)
Dietary sources:
Liver,beef,mutton,pork,eggs,milk,green vegetables
Micro-orgs in intestine
Requirements:
Infants- 0.4 - 0.6mg/day
Children upto 10 yrs - 0.8 - 1.2 mg/day
Adults - 1.0 - 1.7 mg/day
Total : men - 1.7 mg/day, women - 1.3 mg/day
9
Functions
Cytochrome oxidase enzyme-cellular respiration

Metabolism of fats,carb,proteins-energy thru ETC
RBC formation, tissue respiration
Antibody production
Human growth & reproduction
Healthy skin,nails,hair growth,regulate thyroid growth
Anti-oxidant
Needed for FMN,FAD-oxidative enzymes
Convert vit B6,folate-active forms
Nervous system
10
11
Deficiency
1)Ocular lesions:
Vascularization of avascular cornea-capillary proliferation
Conjuctivitis,intestitial keratitis,corneal ulcer
2)Cheilosis & angular stomatitis
3)Glossitis
Atrophy of mucosa of tongue
4)Skin changes
Scaly dermatitis,seborrheic dermatitis on face,scrotum or
vulva
12
GLOSSITIS
13
Vitamin B3(niacin)
Dietary sources:
Liver,kidney,meat,green vegetables, whole grain
cereals,peanuts,yeast,milk,eggs
Requirements:
Men: 15 - 19 mg/day
Women: 15 mg/day
Children: 2 - 12 mg/day
Preganant,lactating women – 18 mg/day
14
Functions:
 Precursor of NAD/NADP-imp for cell metabolism
 NAD: for dehydrogenation in fat,carbohydrate,protein
metabolism
 NADP:for dehydrogenation in HMP shunt in glucose
metabolism
 DNA repair
 Prod of steroid hormones in adrenal gland
 Cell respiration
 Proper circulation & skin
 Nervous system, normal bile & stomach fluid levels
15
16
Deficiency
Main-pellagra
In people with maize as staple diet-niacin in maize is in
bound form-not absorbed
Deficiency in tryptophan
Tryptophan vit B1,B2,B6 vit B3
Symptoms-3 D’s :
A. Dermatitis:
Sun exposed parts-erythrema
Chronic-blister formation
Inflamed tongue
“necklace lesions” occur
17
B. Diarrhoea:
Lesions in GIT mucosa
Glossitis,lesions of
mouth,oesophagus,stomach,colon-dec HCl
Symptoms-diarrhoea,nausea,vomiting,burning
sensation
C. Dementia
Symptoms-irritability,headache,insomnia,mental
confusion,amnesia,hallucination,depression
Due to degeneration of neurons in brain & spinal
cord
More in alcoholics- alcohol increase need for niacin
18
19
Hartnup’s Disease:
Hereditary disorder
Lack of niacin in intestine, kidneys-
difficult for body to break down & absorb
tryptophan in diet
Symptoms-red,scaly rash, sensitivity to
sunlight
Treatment-oral niacin
20
Vitamin B6(pyridoxine)
Dietary sources:
Meat,liver,eggs,green veg,whole grain cereals, poultry,
soybeans,nuts
Requirements:
Men : 1.6 mg/day
Women : 2 mg/day
Pregnancy, lactation-inc intake
21
Functions
As pyridoxine,pyridoxal,pyridoxamine-conv to pyridoxal-
5-phosphate(active)
Fat metabolism
Protein metabolism
Amino acid metabolism
Normal nerve function, transmission of nerve impulses
RBC synthesis
Antibody synthesis-immune response
Healthy skin
22
23
Deficiency
Due to dec dietary intake,inc demand, chronic
alcoholism, drugs like pencillamine,isoniazid,oestrogen
Convulsions/seizures in infants
Dermatitis
Cheilosis & angular stomatitis
Glossitis
Sideroblastic anaemia(dec RBC)
Peripheral neuropathy
Depression,hypertension,water retention
24
Vitamin B12(cyanocobalamin)
Dietary sources:
Fish,meat,liver, poultry,eggs,milk & milk
products,cereals,soyabeans
Requirements:
Adult : 2-3 mcg/day
Pregnancy & lactation : 2.6-2.8 mcg/day
25
Functions
RBC formation, healthy nervous system

Synthesis of DNA in cell division-esp. in bone marrow
Metabolism of fatty acids-myelin formation
Energy production
Synthesis of folic acid-RBC formation
Co-enzyme
26
27
Deficiency
Due to dietary vit B12 deficiency or failure to absorb

from intestine(dec IF)
Pernicious anaemia-characterized by:
Megaloblastic anaemia-when DNA prod is disrupted,
abnormal cells called megaloblasts occur
Symptoms-tiredness,breathlessness,pallor,dec
resistance to infections
GI symptoms
28
Neurological symptoms: shown by
 Impaired perception of touch,pressure,vibration
 Loss of sense of touch
 Paresthesia
 Dec muscle tendon reflexes
Mental disorders-irritability,focus/conc
problems,depression,suicidal
tendency,paraphrenia complex
29
Vitamin B9(folic Acid)
Dietary sources:
Green leafy vegetables, liver, cereals, grains, fruits,
meat,milk,mushroom
Requirements:
Men : 200 mcg/day
Women : 180 mcg/day
Pregnant women : 400 mcg/day
Lactating women : 280 mcg/day
30
Functions
Cellular respiration
Co-enzyme for 2 imp reactions:
i. Thymidylate synthetase reaction
ii. Methylation of homocysteine to methionine
Imp in production of DNA & new cells-
pregnancy,infancy
RBC formation
Healthy nervous system
31
32
Deficiency
Megaloblastic anaemia: due to

i. Inadequate dietary intake
ii. Malabsorption
iii. Excess demand
iv. Excess urinary folate loss-liver disease,CHF
Symptoms-paleness,weakness,fatigue
severe-shortness of breath,dizziness
Glossitis
33
Neurological symptoms:
i. degeneration of spinal cord, peripheral
neuropathy
ii. Demyelination of nerves, spinal cord, cerebrum
iii. Symptoms-
numbness,paresthesia,weakness,ataxia,
diminished reflexes
Other manifestations:
Mild jaundice, angular stomatitis,
malabsorption,weight loss, anorexia
34
Vitamin B5(Pantothenic Acid)
Dietary sources:
Peas,beans,lean meat,poultry,fish,whole grain cereals
Requirements:
Adults : 4 - 7 mg/day
Functions:
Break down carb,fats,proteins-energy
Fatty acid metabolism
Treatment of nerve damage,breathing
problems,itching
35
Deficiency
Acne
Paresthesia
Leg cramps
Impairment of motor co-ordination
Loss of antibody prod
Symptoms:fatigue,malaise,sleep disturbances,
vomiting
36
Vitamin B7(Biotin)
Dietary sources:
milk,meat,eggs
Prod by bacteria in intestine
Requirements:
Adults:150-300 mcg/day
Functions:
CO2 fixation reactions
Decarboxylation reactions
Catalytic deamination of amino acid & oleic acid synthesis
37
Deficiency
Symptoms:
change in skin colour
dermatoses
change in lingual papillae of tongue
muscle pain
loss of appetite
sleeplessness
extreme fatigue
38
Summary
• Vit B1 deficiency will cause Beri Beri

• Angular stomatitis caused by VitB2 deficiency
• Megaloblastic anemia caused by B9 and B12
• Dialy requirement of pantothenic acid is : 4 - 7
mg/day
39

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Lecture No.

• At the end of this lecture, student will be able to

Group of essential compounds which are bio

Beri-beri - failure of carb metabolism, accumulation of

Cytochrome oxidase enzyme-cellular respiration

RBC formation, healthy nervous system

Due to dietary vit B12 deficiency or failure to absorb

Megaloblastic anaemia: due to

• Vit B1 deficiency will cause Beri Beri

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