Hybridization

Presented by: Javaid Hassan

• Hybridization & its objectives
1) To explain bond angles
2) To explain valances of certain elements
 Facts
• According to VBT • For example C is
bond angle in water divalent based on its
& hydrogen sulphide ground state
is 90 degree. electronic
• But it is different configuration, while
from the observed it is tetravalent.
value.
Hybridization in organic
compounds

Bonding in Methane and Orbital

Hybridization
 Structure
Structureof
ofMethane
Methane

tetrahedral
bond angles = 109.5°
bond distances = 110 pm
but structure seems inconsistent with
electron configuration of carbon
 Electron
Electronconfiguration
configurationof
ofcarbon
carbon

only two unpaired

2p
electrons

should form 
bonds to only two
hydrogen atoms
bonds should be
2s at right angles to
one another
 sp
sp3Orbital
3
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p

Promote an electron from the 2s

to the 2p orbital

2s
 sp
sp3Orbital
3
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p 2p

2s 2s
 sp
sp3Orbital
3
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p

Mix together (hybridize) the 2s

orbital and the three 2p orbitals

2s
 sp
sp3Orbital
3
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p

2 sp3

4 equivalent half-filled
orbitals are consistent
with four bonds and
tetrahedral geometry 2s
 Shapes
Shapesof
oforbitals
orbitals

s
Nodal
Nodalproperties
propertiesof
oforbitals
orbitals

p + –

s +
 Shape
Shape of sp3hybrid
of sp 3
hybridorbitals
orbitals

p + –

take the s orbital and place it on

top of the p orbital

s +
 Shape
Shape of sp3hybrid
of sp 3
hybridorbitals
orbitals

s+p + + –

reinforcement of electron wave in

regions where sign is the same
destructive interference in regions of
opposite sign
 Shape
Shape of sp3hybrid
of sp 3
hybridorbitals
orbitals

sp hybrid + –

orbital shown is sp hybrid

analogous procedure using three s orbitals
and one p orbital gives sp3 hybrid
shape of sp3 hybrid is similar
 Shape
Shape of sp3hybrid
of sp 3
hybridorbitals
orbitals

sp hybrid + –

hybrid orbital is not symmetrical

higher probability of finding an electron on one
side of the nucleus than the other
leads to stronger bonds
 The C—HBond
TheC—H BondininMethane
Methane

In-phase overlap of a half-filled 1s orbital of

hydrogen with a half-filled sp3 hybrid orbital of
carbon:
+
s H + C– sp3

gives a  bond.
+
H—C  H C–
 Justification
Justificationfor
forOrbital
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

consistent with structure of methane

allows for formation of 4 bonds rather than 2
bonds involving sp3 hybrid orbitals are stronger
than those involving s-s overlap or p-p overlap
 sp3 Hybridization
and Bonding in Ethane
 Structure
Structureof
ofEthane
Ethane

C2H6

CH3CH3

tetrahedral geometry at each carbon

C—H bond distance = 110 pm
C—C bond distance = 153 pm
 The C—CBond
TheC—C BondininEthane
Ethane

In-phase overlap of half-filled sp3 hybrid

orbital of one carbon with half-filled sp3
hybrid orbital of another.
Overlap is along internuclear axis to give a  bond.
 The C—CBond
TheC—C BondininEthane
Ethane

In-phase overlap of half-filled sp3 hybrid

orbital of one carbon with half-filled sp3
hybrid orbital of another.
Overlap is along internuclear axis to give a  bond.
 sp2 Hybridization
and Bonding in Ethylene
Structure
Structureof
ofEthylene
Ethylene

C2H4

H2C=CH2

planar
bond angles: close to 120°
bond distances: C—H = 110 pm
C=C = 134 pm
 sp
sp2Orbital
2
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p

Promote an electron from the 2s

to the 2p orbital

2s
 sp
sp2Orbital
2
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p 2p

2s 2s
 sp
sp2Orbital
2
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p

Mix together (hybridize) the 2s

orbital and two of the three 2p orbitals

2s
 sp
sp2Orbital
2
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p

2 sp2

3 equivalent half-filled
sp2 hybrid orbitals plus
1 p orbital left
unhybridized 2s
 sp
sp2Orbital
2
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

p
2 of the 3 sp2 orbitals
2 sp2 are involved in  bonds
to hydrogens; the other
is involved in a  bond
to carbon
 sp
sp2Orbital
2
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

p 

2 sp2
 

 Bonding
BondingininEthylene
Ethylene

the unhybridized p orbital of

p carbon is involved in  bonding
to the other carbon
2 sp2
 Bonding
BondingininEthylene
Ethylene

2 sp2

each carbon has an unhybridized 2p orbital

axis of orbital is perpendicular to the plane of the  bonds
 Bonding
BondingininEthylene
Ethylene

2 sp2

side-by-side overlap of half-filled

p orbitals gives a bond
double bond in ethylene has a
 component and a  component
 sp Hybridization
and Bonding in Acetylene
Structure
Structureof
ofAcetylene
Acetylene

C2H2

HC CH

linear
bond angles: 180°
bond distances: C—H = 106 pm
CC = 120 pm
 sp
spOrbital
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p

Promote an electron from the 2s

to the 2p orbital

2s
 sp
spOrbital
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p 2p

2s 2s
 sp
spOrbital
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p

Mix together (hybridize) the 2s

orbital and one of the three 2p
orbitals

2s
 sp
spOrbital
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p 2p

2 sp2
2 equivalent half-filled
sp hybrid orbitals plus
2 p orbitals left 2s
unhybridized
 sp
spOrbital
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p

1 of the 2 sp orbitals
is involved in a  bond
2 sp2
to hydrogen; the other
is involved in a  bond
to carbon
 sp
spOrbital
OrbitalHybridization
Hybridization

2p 


2 sp2 
 Bonding
BondingininAcetylene
Acetylene

the unhybridized p orbitals of

2p carbon are involved in separate
 bonds to the other carbon

2 sp2
 Bonding
BondingininAcetylene
Acetylene

2p

2 sp2

one  bond involves one of the p orbitals on each carbon

there is a second  bond perpendicular to this one
 Bonding
BondingininAcetylene
Acetylene

2p

2 sp2
 Bonding
BondingininAcetylene
Acetylene

2p

2 sp2
 Which Theory of
Chemical Bonding is Best?
 Three
ThreeModels
Models
Lewis
most familiar—easiest to apply
Valence-Bond (Orbital Hybridization)
provides more insight than Lewis model
ability to connect structure and reactivity
to hybridization develops with practice
Molecular Orbital
potentially the most powerful method
but is the most abstract
requires the most experience to use
effectively