CCNA

Cisco Certified Network Associate

640-802

” ‫قال تعالي ” و قل رب زدني علما‬

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Mohammedsn
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OSI 7 layer Mohammedsn

 OSI Open System Interconnection

We want the system to be standard to can
any one use it
 ISO International Standard Organization

Make standarization to main task for

operation ( IEEE)
OSI Model Overview
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Application Mohammedsn
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session

Transport Layer

Network Layer
Data Flow
Layers
Data Link

Physical
3
 7- Application www.arabhardware.net
Layer Mohammedsn
 HTTP : Browsing protocol
 FTP : File Transfer Protocol
 TFTP : Trivial FTP
 Telnet : Remote access protocol
 SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer protocol
 SNMP : Simple Network Management
Protocol
presentation layer -6 www.arabhardware.net

Mohammedsn
 Format of data
 Compression & decompression of data
 Encoding & decoding of data

Such ac ASCII code ( 8bit) , EBCDIC code

(5bit)
 www.arabhardware.net
session layer -5
Mohammedsn
 Set a logical connection ( session)
between different application
 Specifies communication mode

( simple - Half duplex – full duplex )

Transport layer -4 www.arabhardware.net

Mohammedsn

 Flow control

 Error recovery
 Flow control www.arabhardware.net

Mohammedsn

Pc1 Pc2
Buffering
Congestion avoidence

stop

Go on
 Windowing www.arabhardware.net

Mohammedsn

Sender Receiver
 Windowing www.arabhardware.net

Mohammedsn

Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
 Windowing www.arabhardware.net

Mohammedsn

Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped
 www.arabhardware.net
Windowing
Mohammedsn

Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Send 4
 Windowing www.arabhardware.net

Mohammedsn

Window size = 3
Sender Send 1 Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 is
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Send 4
ACK 5
Window size = 2
 TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement …
Port Port # #

I just
sent #10.

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10 1

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Mohammedsn
 TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
…
Port Port # #

I just
sent #10.
I just got #10,
now I need #11.
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10
10 1

23 1028 1 11
11

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Mohammedsn
 TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
…
Port Port # #

I just
sent #11.
I just got #10,
now I need #11.
Source
Source Dest.
Dest. Seq.
Seq. Ack.
Ack.

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10
10 1

23 1028 1 11
11

1028 23 11
11 2
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Mohammedsn
 TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Dest. Sequence Acknowledgement
…
Port Port # #

I just
sent #11.
I just got #11,
now I need #12
Source
Source Dest.
Dest. Seq.
Seq. Ack.
Ack.

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 10
10 1

23 1028 1 11
11

1028 23 11
11 2 Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

23 1028 2 12
12
 Type of protocol at transport layer
 TCP (connection oriented protocol)

It must establish session before transmit the

data , make recovery&control
 UDP connectionless protocol no
session,no recovery&no control

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Mohammedsn
 www.arabhardware.net
Network layer-3
Mohammedsn

routing-1 IP addressing-2
 Data link -2
 1- Arbitration : find the best time to send
the data ( CSMA/CD & taken)

 Error detection
1- parity check : but very week
2-CRC : Depend on mathematical equation

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Mohammedsn
 Data link is divided into two sub
layer

 802.3 MAC sub layer ( Media Access

control)

 802.2 LLC sub layer ( Logical Link Control)

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Mohammedsn
MAC address : hardware address

bit 48
bit ( vendor) 24 bit IEEE 24
LLC sub layer

TCP/IP SPX/IPX

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Mohammedsn
 Physical Layer:
Ethernet/802.3

10Base2—Thin Ethernet
10Base5—Thick Ethernet

Host
Hub
10BaseT—Twisted Pair

Hosts
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Mohammedsn
 Encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
Session
PDU
Upper Layer Data
Segment
Transport
TCP Header Upper Layer Data

Network Packet
IP Header Data

LLC Header Data FCS

Data Link Frame

MAC Header Data FCS

Physical Bits
0101110101001000010
 De-encapsulating Data

Application
Presentation
Session
Upper Layer Data
Transport
Upper Layer Data
ea der
H
Network TCP
TCP+ Upper Layer Data
e a der
IP H
IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
r
Data Link
He ade
L LC
LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
e a der
ACH
M
Physical
0101110101001000010
 Network Device Domains
Hub Bridge Switch Router

Collision Domains:
1 4 4 4
Broadcast Domains:
1 1 1 4
 Hubs Operate at Physical layer

Physical

ffff.ffff.ffff A B C D

• All devices in the same collision domain

• All devices in the same broadcast domain
• Devices share the same bandwidth
 Switches and Bridges Operate
at Data Link Layer
Data Link

1 2 3 4 OR 1 2

• Each segment has its own collision domain

• All segments are in the same broadcast domain
Router Operate at Network layer

255.255.255.255 www.arabhardware.net

Mohammedsn
 www.arabhardware.net
Question Mohammedsn

Broadcast ?
collision ??
?

A B C D
A B C D
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Question Mohammedsn

Broadcast ?
collision ??
?

A B C D
A B C D
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Question Mohammedsn

Broadcast ?
collision ??
?

A B C D
A B C D
 www.arabhardware.net
Question Mohammedsn

Broadcast ?
collision ??
?

C B A
C B A
Hubs: One Collision Domain

• More end stations means

more collisions
• CSMA/CD is used
 Switches

Switch
Memory
• Each segment has its
own collision domain
• Broadcasts are
forwarded to all
segments