FLUID MECHANICS

Introduction
Class Room Decorum

 Production Engineering class is an open discussion forum, where students

can add their experiences or raise queries.
 During discussions, resource person will act as moderator.
 Punctuality of time is necessary to validate the attendance, else it will be
marked absent.
 One Break will be allowed.
 Mobile phone ringtones should be on silent.
 Food, smoking and Drinks not allowed.
 Submission of assignments and conduction of tests will be on prescribed
dates.
 Assignments must be submitted with the “Assignment Format“ uploaded on
one-drive.
Course Contact

Consulting Time: Before and after class

Consulting Office: Faculty Office

e-mail: ali_irtaza59@hotmail.com

Sky drive folder: Will announce later.

(for lecture slides)
Sessional Marks

 Sessional Marks 50

 Hourly Exams X

 Presentation /Assignments Y

 Class participation Z

 Attendance A

 Final Examination Marks 50

A little about me:
 B.E in Industrial and Manufacturing, NED UET
 Masters in Engineering Management (Specialization in
Industrial Management), NED UET
Working / Teaching Experience:
 Over 7 years of experience in PAK SUZUKI as Deputy
Manger Development under Supply chain Division.
Lets see WHO is
sitting next
 It is not the strongest of the species
that survives,
nor the most intelligent that survives.
It is the one that is the most adaptable
to change.
(Darwin)
Text Book

 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics (4th Edition)

by Munson, Young & Okiishi
Contents

 Introduction to Fluid Dynamics

 Fluid Statics
 Fluid Dynamics
 Fluid Kinematics
 Finite Control Volume Analysis
 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
 Dimensional Analysis, Similitude and modeling
 Viscous Flow In Pipes.
What is Fluids ??

A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously

when acted on by a shearing stress of any magnitude. A
shearing stress 1force per unit area2 is created whenever a
tangential force acts on a surface
What is a Fluid?

• It is one of the state of matter which can either be a gas or a

liquid.
• The cohesive force between the molecules of a liquid is
however higher than a gas.
• Unlike solids, fluids continuously deforms (shear) or flows
(i.e. its shape continuously changes) under the action of applied
shear force and so we can say that fluids are substances that
cannot resist shear force and eventually shear stress.
What is Mechanics?

 Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with both

stationary and moving bodies under the influence of forces.
The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest is
called statics, while the branch that deals with bodies in
motion is called dynamics.
Classification of mechanics
Fluid mechanics

 Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with

the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the
forces on them.[1]:3 It has applications in a wide range of
disciplines, including mechanical, civil, chemical and
biomedical engineering, geophysics, oceanography,
meteorology, astrophysics, and biology.
Dynamic viscosity (µ or η)

• Intrinsic property of all real fluids by virtue of which they

resist deformation or flow or shear stress. (shear stress is
because of dynamic viscosity and it relates shearing stress and
fluid motion τ = µdu/dy)
• It is a measure of fluidity for a fluid.
• Fluid viscosity is a weak function of pressure but a strong
function of temperature.
• Ideal fluids have zero viscosity also known as inviscid fluids.
In case of inviscid fluids the equations of fluid flow becomes
mathematically less complicated.
 Rotary viscometers can be used to measure the viscosity of
Newtonian fluids while rotary rheometers are used to
measure the viscosity, shear stress and strain rate for non-
Newtonian fluids.
 For shear thickening fluids (non-Newtonian) the apparent
viscosity (slope of the curve) increases with the increase in
the shear rate. • For shear thinning fluids (non-Newtonian)
the apparent viscosity decreases as the shear rate is increased
 Shear thickening fluids = sand-water mixture (quicksand)
and water-corn starch mixture.
 Shear thinning fluids = polymer solutions, colloidal solutions,
blood and paints
 Bingham plastics = toothpaste, slurry, putty
 Newtonian fluids = most gases and liquids.
History of Fluid Mechanics
(4000 B.C – 1953…..)
 Branch of physical science that deals with the mechanics
(statics and dynamics) of fluids (liquids and gases).
Applications
 Design of Dams
 Naval Ships
 Aerodynamics of bodies (lift and drag forces)
 Fluid forces on structures (ex: pipes, blades and supporting structure
 Biofluidics (blood flow, respiratory system, bowel system)
 Medical equipments (dialysis machine and infusions)
 Turbines, Pumps and Compressors Pipelines Microfluidics (fluid flow
in micro/nano size geometries ex: microtubes microturbines & coolers
 Thermofluidics (fluid flow with heat transfer ex: heat exchangers)
 Design of nozzles (liquid and gaseous jets for fire safety, cutting and
propulsion applications)
 Instrumentation (Venturi meter, orifice plate, Pitot tube, weirs,
manometers, viscometer etc) Design of wind tunnel (for fluid
dynamics experiments)
 Irrigation systems
Applications
What is the difference between a
solid and a fluid?
 We have a general, vague idea of the difference. A solid is
“hard” and not easily deformed, whereas a fluid is “soft”
and is easily deformed 1we can readily move through air2.
 A closer look at the molecular structure of materials reveals
that matter that we commonly think of as a solid 1steel,
concrete, etc.2 has densely spaced molecules with large
intermolecular cohesive forces that allow the solid to
maintain its shape, and to not be easily deformed.
 However, for matter that we normally think of as a liquid
1water, oil, etc.2, the molecules are spaced farther apart, the
intermolecular forces are smaller than for solids, and the
molecules have more freedom of movement.