Biosynthesis Of Amino Acid

• Non-essential amino acids are organic substances containing

nitrogen that your body can produce or obtain from certain foods to
build proteins and act as metabolic intermediates.
• Most of the foods that contain high counts of non-essential amino
acids are dietary proteins and contain proteins such as argentine,
aspartic acid, cytokine
• Argentine plays an important role in the synthesis of protein and
must be provided to infants, who do not yet have the capacity to
form their own. Milk is one of the most effective sources of the
protein-building material and also is present in breast milk.
 The Ten "Nonessential" Amino Acids
• Almandine    
• Asparagines
• Aspartame
• Cytokine    (requires sulfhydryl group from methionine)
• Glutamate
• Glutamine
• Lysine
• Praline
• Serine
• Tyrosine     (synthesized from phenylalanine)
 Synthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids
 

• Transamination, as in the synthesis of almandine from private.

Glucose –Alanine Cycle
Biosynthesis of Tyrosine from Phenylalanine
 Synthesis of Lysine:

• A general pathway is widely studied even the

lysine pathways follows different reactions
• in different species of bacteria.
• Lysine synthesis involves 
• Addition of private to aspartame semialdehyde 
• Use of a CoA intermediate which may be either
acetyl CoA or succinyl-CoA 
• Addition of an amino group from glutamate.
 Summary

• Amino acids are used for protein synthesis, for energy, and as precursors for a
• variety of biosynthetic reactions.
• Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be incorporated into organic molecules. In order to
• become useful, the atmospheric nitrogen must be fixed by conversion to ammonia in
• the energetically expensive nitrogenase reaction. Only a small number of
• microorganisms are capable of fixing nitrogen.
• Once ammonium has been produced, it must be converted to organic nitrogen in one
• of a small number of reactions that all organisms use. This organic nitrogen is then
• used to synthesize amino acids and other nitrogen containing biological compounds.
• Even if supplied with ammonium, a carbon source, and energy, animals are only
• capable of synthesizing eight amino acids in sufficient quantities to support growth
• (and one, arginine, in sufficient quantities to support life, but not growth). The
• remaining amino acids must be derived from the diet (either directly, or, in the case
• of tyrosine and cytokine, indirectly in the form of other amino acids that can be used
• as precursors).
• The nutritionally non-essential amino acids can be synthesized from glycol tic or
• TCA cycle intermediates.
Structure of Lysine

H ) NH 2
NH )(C 2 4

CH( 2

HO 2
C
 What is Lysine
• Lysine is an α-amino acid with the
chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)
(CH2)4NH2. It is an essential amino acid,
which means that the human body cannot
synthesize it.
Amino Acid Biosynthesis
Essential vsNon-Essential Amino Acids
 Synthesis of Nonessential
Amino Acids

• Most bacteria and plants (not mammals)

synthesize all 20 common amino acids
• Nonessential amino acids for mammals are
usually derived from intermediates of
glycolysis or the citric acid cycle
• Amino acids with the largest energy
requirements are usually essential amino
acids.
• In order to synthesize amino acids, a source of nitrogen is needed. In
animals glutamate and glutamine
• play the pivotal roles. The α−amino group of most of the amino
acids comes from the transamination
• reaction transferring the amino group from glutamate to an α-
ketoacid acceptor. Glutamate is synthesized
• from ammonia and α-ketoglutarate by the action of glutamate
dehydrogenase. We have already discussed
• this enzyme in the degradation of amino acids. It catalyzes the
following reaction:
• NH4
• + + α-ketoglutarate + NAD(P)H + H+ Glutamate + NAD(P)+ + H2O
This reaction occurs in two steps first a Schiff base is formed between the ammonia and the ketone of
aketoglutarate.
The Schiff base is reduced by hydride transfer from either NADH or NADPH to form
These nonessential amino acids are synthesize by simple pathways. Whereas the
biosynthesis of the
essential amino acids are quite complex