Pumps

Basic Terms
Definition
Types
Principal of Operation
Major components & their Function
Terminology
 Definition
• Pump: When a fluid has to be "moved" in a system, pumps are used. The pump is a
machine which has the function of increasing the total energy of a liquid; this means
that the pump transfers energy to the fluid that it receives from the driving motor”.

Need Of a Pump:

 Used to pump a liquid from lower pressure area to a High pressure area.

 To increase Flow rate.

 To move liquid from lower elevation to higher elevation.

 Basic Terms
• Volumetric Flow rate: Flow rate /Capacity of a pump is the amount of
liquid delivered by the pump per unit of time (m3/hr).
• Total Head: It is term that defines
how high the pump can lift a liquid./Pressure in
terms of height.
• Hydraulic Power: Power transferred
by the pump to the liquid.
• VACUUM: Pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure.
 Types

Dynamic Displacement
Pump
Pumps

Centrifugal Axial Reciprocating Rotary Pumps

Pump

Piston Diaphragm Gear Lobe Screw

Radial Mixed

Vertical Horizontal
 Principle of Operation
• Dynamic Pump: . In dynamic pumps, energy is added to the fluid
continuously through the rotary motion of the blades. This increase in
energy is converted to a gain in Pressure Energy when the liquid is allowed
to pass through an increased area.
 Centrifugal Pump
• Working Principle:
Works on the principle of centrifugal force. This is the force that pushes the liquid away from
the centre(in tangential direction).
Converting Prime Mover energy into Mechanical energy
through shaft .
Converting Mechanical energy into fluid energy
impeller.
Converting kinetic Energy into pressure
energy through the volute casing.
 Centrifugal Pump
• Major Parts:

• Shaft: It transmit the torque/Power. and supporting the impeller and

other rotating parts. Shaft is protected from erosion ,corrosion and wear
at the seal chamber through renewable sleeve.

• Impeller: An Impeller has vanes that pushes the liquid through the
impeller. Transmit energy into the fluid (hydraulic energy).

• Volute/Casing: Impeller are fitted inside the casing. Volute casing

is a curved shaped ,increasing in cross sectional area. Volute
reduces the velocity of the liquid and increases the pressure.
 Major Parts

Impeller/
Blades

Volute Casing

Shaft
 Types Of Impeller

OPEN SEMI OPEN CLOSED

Major Parts
 PARTS

Gland Packing Wear Rings Lantern Ring

 GLAND PACKING

Lantern
Ring

Wear
Ring
• Radial Pumps: High Pressure& For low flow rate/Centrifugal pump.

• Axial Pumps: Axial-flow pumps operate at much lower pressures and higher flow
rates than radial-flow pumps.

• Mixed Flow Pumps: Mixed-flow pumps operate at higher pressures than axial-
flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than radial-flow pumps.
 
• Why Centrifugal Pumps Need Priming?
Centrifugal pumps does not create suction at the start without impeller filled
with water. Hence Priming required . Priming is the process in which the
impeller of a centrifugal pump will get fully sub merged in liquid without any air
trap inside. This is especially required when there is a first start up. But it is
advisable to start the pump only after primping.
 Multistage Centrifugal Pumps.
• `In order to achieve a higher discharge pressure multiple impellers are used
within a single pump. Depending upon the requirement.
Vertical Pumps
 Positive Displacement Pumps
• Working Principle: Positive Displacement Pump has an expanding
cavity on the suction side of the pump and a decreasing cavity on the
discharge side. Liquid is allowed to flow into the pump as the cavity on the
suction side expands and the liquid is forced out of the discharge as the
cavity collapses.
 Gear Pumps
Working Principle:
 Screw Pumps
• Working Principle:
 Lobe Pump
• Working Principle
 Reciprocating Pumps:
Working Principle

Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pump

 Displacement Vs Centrifugal
• Centrifugal pumps are suitable for low head and high flow rate.

• PD pumps produce high head and low flow rate.

• PD are suitable for High Viscosity application.

• Centrifugal Pumps are not recommended for high viscosity application

because as viscosity increases its flow deceases.
• Usually a relieve valve is attached with the displacement pumps.
 Related Terminologies
Cavitation: It is the process in which bubbles are formed due to sufficient
Pressure drop at the suction of the pump.

Bubble Formation inside a pump.

Growth of bubbles.
Collapse of bubble.
Cavitations.
Produces shock waves.

 Overhung Pumps:
 Between Bearings Pumps:
 Closed Coupled:
Technical Presentation
Valve

• What is valve?
• Classification of valves
• Valve types.
• Methods of controlling flow through a valve.
• Basic Parts of the valve.
• Valve types
What is valve?
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid by opening, closing, or
partially obstructing various passageways.

Valve Functions
 Stopping and starting fluid flow.
 Varying (throttling) the amount of fluid flow.
 Controlling the direction of fluid flow.
 Regulating downstream system or process pressure.
 Relieving component or piping over pressure.
Classification of Valves
The following are some of the commonly used valve classifications, based on mechanical motion:
•Linear Motion Valves. The valves in which the closure member, as in gate, globe, diaphragm, pinch
moves in a straight line to allow, stop, or throttle the flow.

•Rotary Motion Valves. When the valve-closure member travels along an angular or circular path, as in
butterfly, ball, plug valves.

•Quarter Turn Valves. Some rotary motion valves require approximately a quarter turn, 0 through 90°,
motion of the stem to go to fully open from a fully closed position or vice versa.

Classification of valves based on motion

Valve types Linear motion Rotary motion Quarter turn
Gate Valve x
Globe valve x
Plug valve x x
Ball valve x x
Butterfly valve x x
Diaphragm valve x
Pinch valve x
Methods of controlling flow through a valve.

1. Move a disc, or plug into or against an orifice globe or needle type valve)

globe valve Needle valve

 Methods of controlling flow through a valve.

2. Slide a flat, cylindrical, or spherical surface across the orifice.

plug valve gate valve

Methods of controlling flow through a valve.

3. Rotate a disc or ellipse about a shaft extending across the diameter of an orifice.

ball valve butterfly valve

 Methods of controlling flow through a valve.

4. Move a flexible material into the flow passage.

diaphragm valve pinch valve

Basic Parts of the valve
• Body
• Bonnet
• Trim (internal elements)
• Actuator (Handwheel)
• Packing
Basic Parts of the valve
Body
It is called the shell, is the primary pressure boundary of a valve. It serves as the principal element of a
valve assembly because it is the framework that holds everything together.
Basic Parts of the valve
Bonnet
The cover for the opening in the valve body.
Bonnets Features
• bonnet is the second principal pressure boundary of a
valve.
• It is cast or forged of the same material as the body and
is connected to the body by a threaded, bolted, or
welded joint.
• the attachment of the bonnet to the body is considered
a pressure boundary. This means that the weld joint or
bolts that connect the bonnet to the body are pressure-
retaining parts.
• Valve bonnets, although a necessity for most valves,
Welded Bonnet
represent a cause for concern,
• Bonnets can complicate the manufacture.
• Increase valve size.
• Represent a significant cost portion of valve cost.
• Bonnets are a source for potential leakage.

Bolted Bonnet
Basic Parts of the valve
Valve Trim
The internal elements of a valve are collectively referred to as a valve's trim. The trim typically
includes a disk, seat, stem, and sleeves needed to guide the fluid. A valve's performance is
determined by the disk and seat interface and the relation of the disk position to the seat.
Because of the trim, basic motions and flow control are possible.

Valve Trim
Basic Parts of the valve
Internal parts of the valve

Disk
Disk is the third primary principal pressure boundary. It provides the
capability for allowing and stopping fluid flow. The disk is a pressure-
retaining part. Disks are typically forged and, in some designs, hard-
surfaced to provide good wear characteristics. Most valves are named, in
part, according to the design of their disks.

Seat or seal rings

provide the seating surface for the disk. To improve the wear-
resistance of the seal rings, the surface is often hard-faced by
welding and then machining the contact surface of the seal
ring.
Basic Parts of the valve
Internal parts of the valve

Stem
Connects the actuator (hand wheel) and disk, is responsible for
positioning the disk.

 Stem designs fall into four basic categories:

 Rising stem with outside screw
Stem
 Rising stem with inside screw
 Non rising stem with inside screw
 Sliding stem.

Inside Screw Rising Stem (ISRS)

Outside Screw
Inside Screw Non-Rising Stem
Basic Parts of the valve
Actuator (hand wheel)
Operates the stem and disk assembly. An
actuator may be operated manually or
automatically.

Actuator

Packing
It is used to prevent leakage from the
space between the stem and the bonnet.

Packing
 Valve Selection
Valve Selection Considerations
• 1. Pressure.
• 2. Temperature.
• 3. Type of fluid.
– A. Liquid.
– B. Gas, i.e., steam or air.
– C. Dirty or abrasive (erosive)
– D. Corrosive.
• 4. Flow Considerations  –
– A. On-off or Throttling.
– C.  Is the valve needed to prevent
– backflow.
– D. Concern for pressure drop.
– E. Velocity.
• 5. Operating conditions
– A. Frequency of operation.
– B. Accessibility.
– C. Overall space/size available.
– D. Manual or automated control.
E. Need for bubble-tight shut-off.
– F. Concerns about body joint leaks.
– G. Fire safe design.
– H. Speed of closure.
Material Selection
• There are factors govern the basic materials selection
Corrosion-resistance requirements.
Thermal shock.
Piping stress.
Fire hazard.

• Types of materials typically available include,

Ductile iron.
Carbon steel.
Cast iron.
Stainless steels.
Brass.
Bronze. 
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic.

• Body Materials
For small valves are usually brass,  bronze, or forged steel
For larger valves, cast iron, cast ductile iron or cast steel as required for the pressure and service.
Material Selection
• Seat and Valve Disk Materials
• The valve seat and valve disk are sometimes referred to as the valve trim and are usually
constructed of the same material selected to meet the service requirements.

• Valve stem material should be selected to meet service conditions. Stainless steel is
commonly used for most HVAC applications, and bronze is commonly used in ball valve
construction.
 Valve End Connections
• Threaded ends
– Used for small application up to 4 in. they are cheap but can be stripped and leak, for
this reason they are used when leakage is not a problem. Threaded ends should not be
used with corrosive processes, since the threads can either fail or become inseparable.

Threaded end
 Valve End Connections
• Welded ends
– When zero leakage is required for environmental,
safety, or any efficiency reasons the piping can be
welded to the valve, providing one piece
construction. Many users insist that high-pressure
application requires a permanent end especially if Welded end
they involve high temperatures

• Flanged ends
– The most expensive but are the best from an
installation and removal standpoint. The main
advantage of flanges is that the valve can be
removed easily from the line
Flanged end
Valve types

– Globe valve – Diaphragm valve

– Gate valve – Pinch valve
– Plug valve – Check valve
– Ball valve – Safety/relief valve
– Needle valve – Reducing valve
– Butterfly valve
Globe Valves
A globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop, start, and regulate
fluid flow. The three primary body designs for globe valves are Z-body,
Y-body, and Angle.

Advantages
o Recommended for throttling applications.
o Good for frequent operation.
o Easy to repair.

Disadvantages
o Flow path causes a significant pressure drop.
o Globe valves are more costly than alternative
valves.

Globe_Valve_-_FBV.mp4
 Gate Valves
Flow is controlled by raising or lowering the valving element. Gate
valves are not usually used to regulate flow because the valving
element can be damaged when in the partially open position. Similarly,
they also limit the pressure drop across the valve when fully open.

Advantages
• Gate valves opens or closes slowly, which prevents fluid hammer
and subsequent damage to the piping system.
• They need long operation time since setting the valve to the fully
open or closed position requires the handle to be turned many
times.
• Good choice for on-off service.
• Full flow, low pressure drop.
• Bidirectional.

Disadvantages
• It is not suitable for throttling applications.
• It is prone to vibration in the partially open state.
• It is more subject to seat and disk wear.
• Repairs, such as lapping and grinding, are generally
more difficult to accomplish.

Gate_Valve_-_FBV.mp4
 Ball Valves
A ball valve is a rotational motion valve that uses a ball-shaped
disk to stop or start fluid flow.

Advantages
• Maintains and regulates high volume, high pressure, and high
temp flow
• Low purchase and maintenance costs.
• No lubrication requirements.
• Give tight sealing with low torque.
• Time of valve operation is minimized.
• Can be used for throttling service.
• Can handle fluids with suspended solids.

Disadvantages
- Have relatively poor throttling characteristics.
- Difficult to clean, leads to contamination

Ball Valve _FBV.mp4

Butterfly Valves
Butterfly valves are rotary motion valve that is used to stop, regulate, and
start fluid flow.

Advantages
– They are suitable for large valve applications.
– Compact, lightweight design.
– The maintenance costs are usually low.
– Pressure drop across a butterfly valve is small.
– Used with chemical or corrosive media.

Disadvantages
– Difficult to clean
– Throttling limited to low differential pressure
– Potential for cavitations and choke
– Unguided disc movement is affected by flow turbulence

Butterfly_Valves.mp4
Diaphragm Valves
A diaphragm valve is a linear motion valve that is used to start, regulate, and
stop fluid flow. The name is derived from its flexible disk, which mates with a
seat located in the open area at the top of the valve body to form a seal.

Advantages
- valve components can be isolated from the process fluid.
- Valve construction prevents leakage of the fluid without the use of a
gland seal (packing)

Disadvantages
- The diaphragm becomes worn more easily and regular
maintenance is necessary.
- These types of valves are generally not suited for very high
temperature fluids and are mainly used on liquid systems.

iaphragm_Valves.mp4
Pinch Valve
A pinch valve is the simplest valve design. It is a linear motion valve that is
used to start, regulate, and stop fluid flow. It uses a rubber tube (pinch tube) to
control the fluid.

Advantages
- They are ideally suited for the handling of slurries, liquids with large
amounts of suspended solids, and
systems that convey solids pneumatically.
- Can be used for application where corrosion or metal
contamination of the fluid might be a problem.
- The flow passage is straight without any crevice.
- There are no internal moving parts in contact with the fluid.
- Low maintenance due to wear or pressure.
- Minimum items to change. Tube ONLY.

Disadvantages
- Cannot be used in high temperature/ pressure applications
- Cannot be used with gas media
Check Valves
Check valves are designed to prevent the reversal of flow in a piping system. These valves are activated by
the flowing material in the pipeline. The pressure of the fluid passing through the system opens the
valve, while any reversal of flow will close the valve. Closure is accomplished by the weight of the check
mechanism, by back pressure, by a spring, or by a combination of these means. The general types of
check valves are swing, tilting-disk, piston, , and stop.

Stop Check Valve Butterfly Check Valve Lift Check Valve

tilting-disk Check Valve

Needle valves
The needle valve, like globe valve, is used for flow control. It
allows precise regulation of flow, although it is generally only capable of relatively
low flow rates. Normally needle valve is used in smaller sizes and is provided with
either screwed or socket weld ends.
COMPRESSORS
 WHAT IS COMPRESSOR?
• Compressors are mechanical devices that compresses gases. It is
widely used in industries and has various applications

How They Are Different From Pumps?

• Major difference is that compressors handles the gases and pumps handles the
liquids.
• As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of gas.
• Liquids are relatively incompressible.

WHY WE NEED?
Compressors have many everyday uses, such as in :
• Air conditioners, (car, home)
• Home and industrial refrigeration
• Hydraulic compressors for industrial machines
• Air compressors for industrial manufacturing
CLASSIFICATION :

MIXED
 Positive Displacement
• Positive-displacement compressors operate by forcing a
fixed volume of fluid from the inlet pressure section of the
compressor into the discharge zone of the compressor.
 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
• Mechanical piston type
– Single acting
– Double acting
– Diaphragm type
 Single Acting Compressor
• A Single Acting Reciprocating (piston)
compressor consists of a single cylinder
which only takes in and discharges fluid
at one end.
 Double Acting Compressor
• A Double acting unit also has only one
cylinder but it is piped up to take in and
discharge fluid at both ends.
Diaphragm Type

• A diaphragm compressor is a variant of the

classic reciprocating compressor.
• The compression of gas occurs by means of a
flexible membrane, instead of an intake
element.
 Advantages
• Oil-free compression due to hermetic
separation between gas and oil chamber
• Abrasion-free compression due to static
seals in the gas stream.
• Automatic shutdown in case of a
diaphragm failure prevents damage
• Discharge pressure up to (3,000 bar)
 Applications
• Automotive industry
• Biogas plants
• Chemical and petrochemical industry
• Chip manufacturing
• Industrial gas manufacturing
• Laboratory and research facilities
• Food industry
• Hydrogen filling stations
 Rotary Compressors
• Rotary compressor function is in which
fixed amount of air is displaced with
each revolution.
 SCROLL TYPE COMPRESSOR
• A scroll compressor operating in reverse is
known as a scroll expander, and can be used to
generate mechanical work from the expansion of
a fluid, compressed air or gas.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
 Advantages of Scroll Compressors
• The absence of pistons for gas compression enables scroll compressors to reach
100% volumetric efficiency, leading to reduced energy costs.
• Re-expansion losses, a typical feature of each piston stroke encountered in
reciprocating models, are eliminated. In addition, valve (ports) losses are
eliminated,

Disadvantages of Scroll Compressors

• Being fully hermetic, perhaps the biggest disadvantage of scroll compressors is that
they are generally not easily repairable. They cannot be disassembled for
maintenance.

Applications
• Since their introduction, scroll compressors have been successfully used in
applications involving food and fruit refrigeration, truck transportation, marine
containers as well as residential and small to medium scale commercial air-
conditioning applications.
 LIQUID RING TYPE
• They are typically used as a vacuum pump but
can also be used as a gas compressor.
• The function of a liquid ring pump is similar to
a rotary vane pump, with the difference being
that the vanes are an integral part of the rotor.
 ADVANTAGES
• Almost all gases and vapours are compressed, even those containing dust
and liquids.
• there is only a very slight rise in the temperature of the gas
• there is a high level of reliability in service with a minimum of maintenance
required

APPLICATIONS
Applications include:
• Breathing air
• Vent gas boosting/recovery
• Explosive gas boosting
• Chemical processes.