+BEARING+

4.1 DEFINITION OF BEARING

In general, whenever two parts have
relative motion, they constitute a bearing
by definition.

1) Usually lubrication is needed in any

bearing to reduce friction and remove heat.
2) Bearings may roll or slide or do both simultaneously.
LIST APPLICATION OF BEARING
• Single-row deep groove ball bearings are the most
common type of rolling bearings. Their use is very
widespread. The raceway grooves on both the inner and
outer rings have circular arcs of slightly larger radius
than that of the balls. Because of their low torque, they
are highly suitable for applications where high speeds
and low power loss are required.

• The inner groove of magneto bearings is a little

shallower than that of deep groove bearings.Since the
outer ring has a shoulder on only one side, the outer ring
may be removed. Magneto bearings are small bearings
with a bore diameter of 4 to 20 mm and are mainly used
for small magnetos, gyroscopes, instruments, etc.
Pressed brass cages are generally used.
 • Individual bearings of this type are capable of taking
radial loads and also axial loads in one direction.The
larger the contact angle, the higher the axial load
capacity.

• A combination of two radial bearings is called a

duplex pair. Usually, they are formed using angular
contact ball bearings or tapered roller bearings . DF
and DB duplex bearings are capable of taking radial
loads and axial loads in either direction
• Double-row angular The inner and outer rings of
contact ball bearings four-point contact ball
are basically two single- bearings are separable
row angular contact ball because the inner ring is split
bearings mounted back- in a radial plane. They can
to-back except that they take axial loads from either
have only one inner direction. . Machined brass
ring and one outer ring, cages are generally used.
each having raceways.  

They can take axial

loads in either direction.
CODE NUMBER OF ROLLING BEARINGS

Standard Bearing Code

Radial
•
BEARING LIFE
Bearing life is defined as the number of revolutions (or the number of operating hours) at a given speed
that the bearing is capable of enduring before the first sign of metal fatigue (spalling) occurs on a rolling
element or the raceway of the inner or outer ring.

• Tests on seemingly identical bearings, under identical operating conditions, result in a large variation in
the number of cycles, or time, needed to cause metal fatigue. Therefore, bearing life estimates based on
rolling contact fatigue (RCF) are insufficiently accurate and so a statistical approach is needed to
determine bearing size.

• The basic rating life, L10, is the fatigue life that 90% of a sufficiently large group of apparently identical
bearings, operating under identical operating conditions, can be expected to attain or exceed.

• To determine a relevant bearing size using the definition given here, compare the calculated rating life
against the service life expectations of the bearing application, using experience from previous
dimensioning where available. Otherwise, use the guidelines regarding specification life of various
bearing applications provided in table 1 and table 2.

• Due to the statistical spread of bearing fatigue life, an observed time to failure for an individual bearing
can be evaluated in relation to its rated life only if the failure probability of that particular bearing is
determined in relation to the general population of bearings running under similar conditions.

• Numerous investigations on bearing failure, in a variety of applications, have confirmed that design
guidelines based on 90% reliability, and use of dynamic safety factors, lead to robust bearing solutions in
which typical fatigue failures are avoided.
SEALS
Bearing seals

a) To insure the longest possible life of a bearing, it may be necessary

to provide seals to prevent leakage of lubricant and entry of dust,
water and other harmful material like metallic particles.
b) The seals must be free from excessive running friction and the
probability of seizure. They should also be easy to assemble and
disassemble .
c) It is necessary to select a suitable seal for each application
considering the lubricating method.
Non-Contact Type Seals

a) Various sealing devices that do not contact the shaft,

such as oil grooves, flingers, and labyrinths, are
available.

b) Satisfactory sealing can usually be obtained with such seals

because of their close running clearance. Centrifugal force may
also
assist in preventing internal contamination and leakage of the
lubricant.
 Oil Groove Seals

a) The effectiveness of oil groove seals is obtained by means of the

small gap between the shaft and housing bore and by multiple
grooves on either or both of the housing bore and shaft surface.
b) Since the use of oil grooves alone is not completely effective, except
at low speeds, a flinger or labyrinth type seal is often combined
with an oil groove seal .
c) The smaller the gap between the shaft and housing, the greater the
sealing effect; however, the shaft and housing must not come in
contact while running.
d) The recommended groove width is approximately 3 to 5mm, with a
depth of about 4 to 5mm. In the case of sealing methods using
grooves only, there should be three or more grooves.
 
 Seal Packing
• Seals protect bearings against moisture, impurity and prevent
leaking of lubricant. Lack of lubricant is main cause for
bearing failure. Proper installed seals can significantly extend
bearing life.
 4.2 FRICTION , TEMPERATURE AND
LUBRICATION

• The friction in a rolling bearing is made up of several

components Due to the large number of influencing
factors, such as dynamics in speed and load, tilting and
skewing resulting from installation, actual frictional
torques and frictional power may deviate significantly
from the calculated values.
Frictional component and influencing factor
Heat dissipation by the lubricant

Lubricating oil dissipates a portion of the heat. Recirculating

oil lubrication with additional cooling is particularly effective.
Grease does not give dissipation of heat.
 Ball Bearing Lubricant Types
• Oil

- Oil is the basic lubricant for ball bearings. Previously most lubricating
oil was refined from petroleum Today, however, synthetic oils such as
diesters, silicone polymers, and fluorinated compounds have found
acceptance because of improvements in properties.
- Compared to petroleum base oils, diesters in general have better low
temperature properties, lower volatility, and better temperature/viscosity
characteristics Silicones and fluorinated compounds possess even lower
volatility and wider temperature/viscosity properties.
• Grease

) a) Grease is an oil to which a thickener has been added to prevent oil migration
from the lubrication site. It is used in situations where frequent
replenishment of the lubricant is undesirable or impossible. All of the oil
types mentioned here can be used as grease bases to which are added
metallic soaps, synthetic fillers and thickeners.

b) The operative properties of grease depend almost wholly on the base oil.
Other factors being equal, the use of grease rather than oil results in higher
starting and running torque and can limit the bearing to lower speeds.

c) Grease additives include rust inhibitors, extreme pressure additives (EP),

oxidation preventatives, etc. Because of the wide variety and complexity of
additives, the characteristics of similar greases change considerably from one
manufacturer to another.
Oils and Base Fluids

Petroleum Mineral Lubricants

Petroleum lubricants have excellent load

carrying abilities and are naturally good against
corrosion, but are useable only at moderate
temperature ranges (-25º to 250 ºF). Greases of
this type would be recommended for use at
moderate temperatures, light to heavy loads and
moderate to high speeds.
• Super-Refined Petroleum Lubricants

While these lubricants are usable at higher

temperatures than petroleum oils (-65 º to 350 ºF),
they still exhibit the same excellent load carrying
capacity. This further refinement eliminates unwanted
properties, leaving only the desired chemicals chains.
Additives are introduced to increase the oxidation
resistance, etc
• Synthetic Lubricants

The esters, diesters and poly-a-olefins are probably the

most common synthetic lubricants. They do not have the
film strength capacity of a petroleum product, but do have
a wide temperature range (-65º to 350 ºF) and are
oxidation resistant.Synthetic hydrocarbons are finding a
greater use in the miniature and instrument ball bearing
industry because they have proved to be a superior
general purpose lubricant for a variety of speeds,
temperatures and environments.
 Table of Commonly Used Lubricants
Code Basic Type Oil *Operating Temp. ºF Uses
Low speed instrument oil. Rust
L01 Ester oil -60º to +250º
preventative. Low torque.
Developed for aircraft bearings
and mechanisms. OK for low-
LY48 Synthetic oil + clay thickener -65º to +350º
speed oscillation. Low torque.
Considered noisy in bearings.
Very quiet, widely used motor
Ester oil + lithium soap grease. HDD spindle motor
LY121 -40º to +300º
thickener applications. OK for low speed
oscillation.
Synthetic hydrocarbon and Encoders, HDD actuators
LY694 refined mineral oil + diurea -50º to +300º applications. OK for high
soap thickener speed oscillation.
Suitable for automotive
radiator cooling fan
LY532 Ester oil + urea soap thickener -40º to +350º
applications and other high
temperature motor bearings.
Vacuum cleaner and power
Poly-alpha-olefin oil + urea
LY551 -40º to +300º tool applications. Low noise
soap thickener
and high speed.
4.3 MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING
OF BEARING

• Mounting and installation of bearing depends

on the type and fitting practice. The
procedures covered are concerned with the
proper methods and tools to accomplish
installation of pressed fitted bearing ring.
MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING
EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS

1) Extremely light kit makes it very

portable and convenient to handle. 
2) Ensures ready availability of
components for mounting the
bearings when required. 

1) Locknuts can be easily tightened and

loosened on shafts, adapter sleeves and
extraction sleeves using socket wrenches
2) Both kits and sets contain suitable torque
wrenches
1) For extracting complete rolling bearings
of all types or tightly fitted inner rings as
well as other parts.
2) Good radial and axial accessibility of the
bearing location, possibly by means of
slots, is required.

1) For tight fit of inner ring or outer ring.

2) For cases in which the inner ring is
adjacent to a shaft shoulder without
extraction slots.
1. For all rolling bearing types. For extracting
complete rolling bearings or tightly fitted
inner rings.
2. Principally for cases in which the inner ring
is adjacent to a shoulde on the shaft
without extraction slots. Good radial access
to the bearing location is required

1. For extraction of complete bearingsor

tightly fitted inner rings.
2. Principally for cases in which the inner ring
is adjacent to a shoulder on the shaft
without extraction slots. Good radial access
to the bearing location is required.
 Clearance Adjustment on Mounting

• Angular Contact Ball Bearings and Tapered Roller Bearings

a) Angular contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings are always mounted
in pairs. The axial and radial clearance of two bearings mounted in opposition
is adjusted on mounting, the clearance or preload depending on the
operating conditions. Angular contact ball bearings of universal design can be
mounted in pairs or groups in any arrangement.
b) With only a few exceptions, bearing internal clearance is normally discussed in

terms of radial clearance . Matched pair of angular contact ball bearings are
specified in terms of axial internal clearance. Also when two single row
tapered roller bearings are setup opposing each other,the clearance value
between the rows is an axial measurement.
 COLD MOUNTING METHODS

• Mounting a bearing without heating is the most basic and direct mounting
method. If the fit is not too tight,small bearings may be driven into position
by applying light hammer blows to a sleeve placed against the bearing ring
face having the interference fit. The blows should be evenly distributed
around the ring to prevent the bearing from tilting or skewing.

• Cold mounting is suitable for cylindrical bore bearings with an outside

diameter up to 4 inches.In some cases if the interference specified for a
cylindrical bore bearing is great enough, the use of one of the other
mounting methods is warranted.
 Cold mounting process

• With separable bearings, the inner ring can be mounted independently of

the outer ring ,which simplifies mounting, particularly where both rings are
to have an interference fit. When installing the shaft,with the inner ring
already in position,into the housing containing the outer ring,make sure
that they are correctly aligned to avoid scoring.
 TEMPERATURE MOUNTING METHOD

• Commonly used for large bearings and bearings with a heavy interference
fit.
a) Immersion of the bearing in heated oil is the most common
method. Use clean oil and suspend the bearing in the oil with a wire

or support it underneath using a metal screen in order to avoid

uneven heating of bearing elements.
b) The temperature to which the inner ring should be heated depends
upon the amount of interference fit i.e. the diameter of the
interference fit surfaces.
c) To prevent gaps from occurring between the inner ring and shaft
shoulder, bearings which have been heated and mounted on the shaft
should be held in place until they have cooled completely.
• Heat mounting reduces risk of bearing or shaft damage during installation
because the bearing can be easily slid onto the shaft.
 MOUNTING TAPERED-BORE
BEARING

• Bearings with tapered bore are either fitted directly on the tapered
shaft journal or, if the shaft is cylindrical, on an adapter sleeve or a
withdrawal sleeve.

• The oil film applied to the washed out bearing bore, shaft and sleeve
should be very thin. A heavier coating would reduce friction and thus
ease mounting; however, in operation the lubricant would be gradually
forced out from the joint with a slackening effect on the tight fit,
causing the ring or sleeve to creep and corrosion to develop on the
surfaces.

• Forcing the bearing onto the tapered seat expands the inner ring and
reduces radial clearance. Therefore the reduction in radial clearance
can be used as a measure of the seating condition of the inner ring.
 DISMOUNTING OF TAPERED BORE BEARING

• Dismounting of Adapter Sleeve Mounted Bearings.

a) For dismounting bearings directly seated on the tapered
shaft or an adapter sleeve, loosen the locking device of
the shaft or sleeve nut. Loosen nut by an amount
corresponding to the drive-up distance. Drive inner ring off the
adapter sleeve or tapered shaft seat by gentle hammer taps, using a
soft metal or, even better, a piece of tubing. When a press is used,
support the adapter sleeve or the loosened adapter sleeve nut and
withdraw the bearing from the sleeve.
• Dismounting of a small, adapter sleeve mounted
spherical roller bearing. The inner ring is driven
off the sleeve by means of a metal drift.

• Dismounting of an adapter sleeve mounted self-

aligning ball bearing. The use of a piece of
tubing prevents damage to the bearing.

• Hydraulic nut for dismounting an adapter sleeve

mounted spherical roller bearing.
• Adapter sleeves can be released with a hydraulic
nut provided the bearing rests against an angular
support ring. The nut should take support on a
plate or the like figure beside.
 DISMOUNTING OF HYDRAULIC METHOD

• With the hydraulic method, oil is injected between the mating surfaces.The oil
film greatly reduces the friction between the mating parts which can then be
conveniently displaced in relation to one another without the risk of damaging
the mating surfaces .

• The hydraulic method is suitable for dismounting bearings with tapered and
cylindrical bore. In both cases, oil grooves, ducts and threaded connections for
the pump must be provided. Larger adapter and withdrawal sleeves feature the
corresponding grooves and holes.

• The incidence of fretting corrosion may render dismounting more difficult.In

this case, a rust-dissolving hydraulic oil should be used, especially for bearings
of long service. For a seized withdrawal sleeve, the extra force required to set
it moving can be applied through the withdrawal nut. If the withdrawal nut
features thrust bolts a plate or washer should be inserted between the bolts and
the bearing, to avoid damaging the lips of the bearing ring.
 4.4 BEARING DAMAGE
• How is bearing life defined?

== A rolling mill roll neck bearing may have extended service life
even with signs of damage if properly repaired.
= Wheel end bearing for mining truck may be limited by peeling
and spalling damage .
= Medical equipment bearing life limited by noise and vibration
characteristics.
 Bearing Damage Modes: Material Fatigue

Inclusion Origin Spalling

Material Fatigue: Spalling

• L10 fatigue life – the number of hours (or cycles) • Factor-based analysis (catalog
that 90% of a group of (apparently identical) with adjustment factors).
bearings will meet or exceed, under a given set of
• Stress-based analysis
conditions, before specified fatigue damage
occurs.  Adjustment factors on predicted life
•Life models predict statistical likelihood that account for:
material defects in cyclic stressed volume will • Reliability.
• Material.
create spalls.
• Environmental conditions (lubrication,
misalignment, debris…)
Bearing Damage Modes: Wear or Other Damage

Potential causes of wear or other damage are numerous:

• Faulty mounting.
• Improper adjustment.
• Lack of lubrication.
• Contamination.
• Improper handling, storage, or transport.
• Improper maintenance.
• Exceeding machine limits.
• Environmental factors (temperature, atmosphere, etc.). Tapered roller bearing
• Divide damage causes into (3) general categories: abrasive wear.
• Contamination.
• Inadequate Lubrication.
• Misuse.
Spherical roller bearing
fine particle
contamination
 Prevention of Particulate Damage.

• Regular inspection of seals.

• Ensure clean lubricant supply.
• Use proper bearing removal, cleaning and
replacement procedures.
Tapered roller • Don’t remove bearing from package until
ready for mounting.
• Ensure clean shop and tools.
• Protect from dirt.
• Regular maintenance or replacement of
filtration elements. Do not bypass the filter.

Debris denting
 Bearing Damage Modes: Corrosion

 Etching / Corrosion Prevention

• Inspect and replace worn seals to avoid

etching due to exposure to moisture.
• Monitor moisture level in lubricant.
• Ensure that bearings are stored in a dry area.
• Before storage, bearings should receive a
Etching and corrosion on cylindrical
coating of oil or other rust preventative.
roller bearing inner ring.
• Wrap bearings in protective paper or
covering.
• After washing / cleaning, bearings should be
thoroughly dried.

Advanced corrosion and pitting on the

cone race and rollers
 Bearing Damage Modes: Poor Lubrication
Peeling

Inadequate Lubrication

• Any condition that allows metal-to-metal contact in a

bearing can be regarded as “inadequate lubrication”.
• Sources / Causes:
• Lubricant starvation.
• Insufficient lubricant to sustain a film.
• Wrong kind of lubricant for the speed and load.
• Wrong grade of lubricant. Rib – Roller End Scoring
• Wrong type of lubricant system, such as the use of an oil
level and splash system when operating conditions require
a circulating system.
 Misuse : Excessive Preload or Overload

Overloading on a cylindrical
roller Overloading resulted in severe fatigue spalling
bearing caused roller surfaces to on the tapered rollers.
fracture.

Spherical roller bearing inner ring showing roller

Overloading and low speed caused impact damage from shock loading.
insufficient lubricant film.
 BEARING MAINTENANCE
The key to maintaining your bearings is to keep them dirt-free, moisture free, and
lubricated. Water will rust your bearings and dirt will destroy the smoothness of your
roll by increasing friction. If you skate outdoors, on a dirty surface or practice facility
you will want to check and clean your bearings more often. Cleaning your bearings
will increase their lifespan and improve your skating by allowing you to skate faster
with less effort.

BEARING CLEANING:

You should clean your bearings when you notice they have slowed down and
not longer roll smoothly. You can hold your skate in your hand and try to spin
each of your wheels. If the wheel does not spin, spins slowly, or is noisy it is
time to either clean your or replace your bearings. Do not add oil or lubricant to
dirty bearings. It will not clean the bearings; it will flush the existing dirt further
into the bearing. It may seem like they roll faster initially, but in reality you are
only spreading the dirt around, and it will ruin the precision rolling surfaces of
your bearings. Clean your bearings before re-lubricating them.