• The issue of global • Over the last 25 years, • This is known as the

warming has been 197 representatives Conference of the

recognised for many from different Parties (COP) and
years. As far back as countries and COP26 was the 26thth
1979, the very first organisations (known meeting of the
World Climate as parties) from convention.
Conference took place almost every country
in the world, including
the European Union,
have met at an annual
conference to talk
about reducing the
human impact on the
planet’s climate
 COP26 –
Where ?
President Alok Sharma
At the 2015 COP in Paris, the
parties adopted an
international climate change
treaty that agreed they
should all work together to
limit global warming to 1.5C
PURPOSE OF COP26
Uniting the World to Tackle Climate Change

WHY ?

The clock is ticking on climate action. The average global

temperature is increasing. COP26 must find a way to limit this
increase to 1.5°C and help countries adapt to the changes to
come.
 Zero
emission

Work Natural
together Goals habitat

Mobilize
finance
 Secure global net zero by mid-century and keep 1.5 degrees within reach

Countries are being asked to come

forward with ambitious 2030
emissions reductions targets that align
with reaching net zero by the middle
of the century. To deliver on these
stretching targets, countries will need
to:
•accelerate the phase-out of coal
•curtail deforestation
•speed up the switch to electric
vehicles
•encourage investment in renewables.
Adapt to protect communities and natural habitats

The climate is already changing and it will continue to

change even as we reduce emissions, with devastating
effects. At COP26 we need to work together to enable and
encourage countries affected by climate change to:
•protect and restore ecosystems
•build defenses, warning systems and resilient
infrastructure and agriculture to avoid loss of homes,
livelihoods and even lives
Mobilise finance

To deliver on our first two goals,

developed countries must make good
on their promise to mobilize at least
$100bn in climate finance per year by
2020. 
International financial institutions
must play their part and we need
work towards unleashing the trillions
in private and public sector finance
required to secure global net zero.
Work together to deliver

We can only rise to the challenges of the climate

crisis by working together. At COP26 we must:
•accelerate action to tackle the climate crisis
through collaboration between governments,
businesses and civil society.
Earth is the only
place in galaxy
where intelligent life
exist so being an
intelligent stop CO2
or it will stop us
Pollution
Causes of pollution
Human beings
We are creating holes in our own boat
Our activities affect the environment and. the environment affects our
health. As our most precious resource, the atmosphere has been polluted, so
it is imperative to take measures to control air pollution.
Global warming mainly caused by air pollution.

Main air pollutants are:

 carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide(CO2)

 hydrocarbons
 Particulate
 oxides of sulfur (SOx)
 oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
Before we examine air pollution from industries or other sources,
we need to understand the natural conditions and constituents of
the atmosphere.
The atmosphere, or air, is normally composed of about 79 percent
nitrogen, 20 percent oxygen, and 1 percent mixture of carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and small quantities of several gases.
Major air pollution contributors:
1. Vehicular and air traffic
2. Industries
3. Commercial residential
4. Agriculture
Total
Greenhouse gas
emission by
economic sector
by 2019
Transport air
pollution
 Air pollution kills more than 2 million people each year, according to a
study published in the journal of Environmental Research Letters

The release of methyl

isocyanate gas at Union
Carbide plant in Bhopal in
1984 killed over 2,000
people, and over 200,000
suffered respiratory problems
 Forests play a key role in regulating the global
climate

They absorb emissions from the air, acting as a great storage system – or ‘carbon
sink’ 
Forests could provide more than one-third of the total Co2 reductions required to
keep global warming below 2°C through to 2030. 
.
Effects of Deforestation
 Climate Imbalance and Climate Change. Deforestation also affects the
climate in many ways. ...
 Increase in Global Warming. ...
 Increase in Greenhouse Gas Emissions. ...
 Soil Erosion. ...
 Floods. ...
 Wildlife Extinction & Habitat Loss. ...
 Acidic Oceans. ...
 The Decline in Life Quality of People.
 
A single adult tree can
absorb 22Kg of CO2 and
releases 11.8Kg of O2
Causes of deforestation

 Upwards of 15 billion trees are cut down each year in the world, and
much of the paper created from these trees are going towards books and
textbooks
How much pollution is in the Pakistan?
Top 10 Countries with the Worst Air Pollution - PM2.5 exposure
(µg/m³) - IQ Air 2020
Bangladesh - 77.10
Pakistan - 59.00
India - 51.90
Mongolia - 46.60
Afghanistan - 46.50
Oman - 44.40
Qatar - 44.30
Kyrgyzstan - 43.50
Indonesia - 40.70
Bonsia & Hezegovina - 40.60
Major pollution contributors in
Pakistan
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION CROP BURNING
Vehicular traffic
 If sustained, this air pollution
would cut 2.7 years off the lives of
the typical Pakistani, World Health
Organization (WHO)
The district of Lahore suffers the
worst, with the average residents
losing 5.3 years off their lives
Looking at Pakistan as a whole, in 2018 the
country came in with a PM reading of
74.27μg/m³. in 2019 its yearly average
was 88.81 μg/m³

We are the 2ndmost polluted country in the

world and still in the unhealthy group
bracket
Dirty fuel
For international audiences, and those in India and Nepal, it will come as a shock that Pakistan is still
using Euro II fuel standards
 India has recently leapfrogged to Euro VI standards along with Nepal
 
Forest in Pakistan and need
Pakistan has 4.2 million ha of forest and planted trees, which equates to 4.8 percent of the
total land area
Atleast 50% of any country should be forestry.
Bhutan has 71% of territory under forest.
They produce 2 metric tons of CO2 and absorbs 5 metric tons per year.
Negative CO2 emission
Engineering
overview of
COP26
Global climate change is one of
the greatest environmental
threats facing the world. Human
activities such as the burning of
fossil fuels and deforestation over
the past 150 years have led to the
emissions of massive amounts of
greenhouse gases (carbon
dioxide and methane).
These gases are increasing the
amount of heat trapped in the
atmosphere leading to changes in
climate faster.
Engineering overview of COP26
ENGINEERING ZERO
Engineering Zero is a program which
brings the engineering profession
together to advance and promote the
crucial contribution engineers can make
to achieving net zero carbon emission.
 Energy
productio
n

Reducing
greenhous
e gases

GHG Energy
emissio efficienc
n y
Changes in energy
production
Switching from coal and oil to gas.
Combined heat and power plants, which
utilizes heat from electricity generation.
solar, wind, hydro, biomass and
geothermal etc.
Fuel cell and nuclear energy etc.
Improvement in energy efficiency by technical
means
low energy efficiency standards being
followed in the building industry.
The recent introduction of the first
'hybrid' cars, which use a combined
petrol-driven motor with an electric
motor, can reduce the fuel consumption
by 50%.
Ethical dilemmas for engineers
There are three main ethical questions I will tackle in this section:
1.Will nuclear power cause more problems than it solves?
2.Is CO2 capture & storage an acceptable option
3.Will reducing GHG emissions conflict with international development?
Will nuclear power cause more problems
than it solves?

Production of nuclear weapons

Radioactive waste
Terrorist target sites
Economics of nuclear are also not
promising
Is CO2 capture & storage an acceptable
option?

Carbon dioxide leakage from ground.

Support the use of fossil fuel.
Divert from renewable energy.
Induced seismicity due to high pressure.
Will reducing GHG emissions conflict
with international development?
may increase the costs of energy and hence undermine their efforts to tackle
poverty.
These technologies, which include some renewable energy technologies like small-
scale hydro and wind, tend to be easier to maintain and cheaper.
 technologies that support
social change, e,g buses/bikes large technical changes in
rather than planes/cars and efficiency, e,g fuel cells
paper free documentation
ETHICAL
AGENDA FOR
ENGINEERS
energy efficiency
renewable energy technologies that will be of
technologies because they particular value to
produce zero GHG emissions communities in poorer
during operation countries. Plastic in roads
Outcomes of COP26:
 COP26

Glasgow pact
 97 points
 Paris agreement
 Summarized three main points
1. Mitigation
2. Adaptation
3. Finance
Mitigation:
The action of reducing severity of something.
Strengthening of strategies for 1.5 ⁰C
Scale up mitigation ambition(NDC’s)
Minister meeting for strategies
Global leaders meeting regarding climate change
Asked countries to reduce coal usage and stop subsidizing fossil fuel
Phase down of coal and phase down of fossil fuel
Adaptation:
All the ways in which human beings, and others needs to
adopt to climate change and extreme weather patterns
Making agricultural resilient and food defenses
At Glasgow meet the parties were asked to at least
double the contribution for adaptation
Finance:
Every climate action has financial implications
Trillions of dollars are required for meeting the climate target
Money is needed for:
Mitigation
Adaptation
Monitoring the progress
References;
1.IPCC (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Second Assessment Report.
Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for
Policymakers. http://www.ipcc.ch/
2.E.g. p34-35 of Boyle G. (1996) Renewable Energy: Power for a sustainable future.
Oxford University Press.
3.International Atomic Energy Agency (2003) Country nuclear power profiles. 
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/cnpp2002/index.htm
4.p70-83 of Barnaby F. (2003) How to make a nuclear bomb and other weapons of
mass destruction. Granta.
Bhali Dena Hoga!