STEEL

ABOUT STELL AND ITS ORIGIN

 Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content ranges up to 2% .

 with a higher carbon content, the material is defined as cast iron.

 By far the most widely used material for building the world's infrastructure and
industries, it is used to fabricate everything from sewing needles to oil tankers.

 Steel was known in antiquity and was produced in bloomeries and crucibles. The
earliest known production of steel is seen in pieces of ironware excavated from an
archaeological site in Anatolia and are nearly 4,000 years old, dating from 1800 BC.

 India would produce the first true steel. Around 400 BC, Indian
metalworkers invented a smelting method that happened to bond the perfect
amount of carbon to iron.
PRODUCTON OF STEEL
TYPES OF STEEL
1. Mild steel or medium carbon steel :
carbon steel that contains 0.25% carbon & 0.4-0.7%
manganese,0.1%-0.5% silicon and some traces of
the other elements such as phosphorous.

2. Hard steel or high carbon steel :

This term is often used for medium or high carbon steel that has been given the
heat treatment of quenching followed by tempering. To make steel harder, it must be
heated to very high temperature.

3. Cast-iron:
It is a iron or a ferrous alloy which has been heated until
it liquefies and is then poured into a mold to solidify. It is a usually made from pig
iron.
 MILD STEEL PROPERTIES
 Magnetized Permanently.
 Readily Forged And Welded.
 Not Easily Hardened And Tempered.
 Malleable And Ductile.
 Not Easily Attacked By Salt Water.
 Tougher And More Elastic Than Wrought-
iron.
 Rusts Easily And Rapidly.
 Melting Point Is About 1400c.
 Specific Gravity Is 7.80.
 Compressive Strength Is About 80 To 120
KN/Cm2.
 Tensile And Shear Strengths Are About
60 To 80 KN/Cm2.
 HARD STEEL PROPERTIES
 Its much less brittle
 Not Readily Forged And Welded.
 Easily Hardened And Tempered
 Not Easily Attacked By Salt Water.
 Tougher And More Elastic Than Mild Steel.
 Used for finest cutlery , edge tools and for
 part which are to be subjected to shock and vibrations.
 Rusts easily and rapidly.
 Melting point is about 1300c.
 Specific gravity is 7.90.
 Compressive strength is about 140 to 200 kn/cm2.
 Tensile strength is about 80 to 110 kn/cm2.
 Shear strengths is about 110 kn/cm2.
CAST-IRON
 If Placed In Salt Water ,It Became Soft.
 It Can Be Harden By Heating And Sudden Cooling ,
But It Can't Be Tempered.
 It Can't Be Magnetised.
 It Doesn’t Rust Easily.
 It Is Fusible.
 Melting Temperature Is About 1250c.
 It Shrinks On Cooling.
 Specific Gravity Is 7.5.
 Weak In Tension And Strong In Compression.
 The Two Pieces Of Cast-iron Can't Be Connected By
The Processof Riveting Or Welding.
 DIFFERENCE

 MILD STEEL  HARD STEEL

1. Readily forged and 1. Not easily forged and

welded welded
2. Fibrous structure 2. Granular structure
3. Melting point: 1400deg C 3. Melting point: 1300deg C
4. Specific gravity is 7.8 4. Specific gravity is 7.9
5. Ultimate compressive 5. Ultimate compressive
strength is 80- strength is 140-200kN/cm
120kN/cm sq sq
 ADVANTAGE
 Steel Is A Predominate Material For The
Construction Of Bridges, Buildings,
Towers And Other Structures.
 Steel Exhibit Desirable Physical
Properties That Make It One Of The
Most Versatile Structural Material In
Use.
 Its Great Strength, Uniformity, Light
Weight, Ease Of Use And Many Other
Desirable Properties Make It The Material
Of The Choice For Numerous Structures
Such As Steel Bridges, High Rise Buildings,
Tower And Other Structures.
DISADVANTAGE
 Steel Has All This Advantages As
Structural Material, It Also Has Many
Disadvantages That Make Reinforced
Concrete As A Replacement For
Construction Purposes.
 The Disadvantages Of Steel Can Be
Summarized As Follow:
Maintenance Cost
Fireproofing Cost
Susceptibility To Bulking
Fatigue
DEFECTS IN STEEL
Defects Information Image
Cavities & Blow-  There are formed whenGAS is CONFINED or
holes IMPRISONED in the molten of metal.
 Confined GAS produces bubbles or blow-holes on
solidification of metal.
Cold Shortness
 The steel, having cracks when being worked in
cold state.
 Due to the presence of excess amount of
phosphorus.

Red Shortness  The steel having cracks when being worked in hot
state.
 Due to the presence of excess amount of Sulphur.

Segregation  Some Component of steel solidify at an early stage

and they out from the main mass.
 It is prominent on the top surface of the ingots or
castings.
Burj Khalifa
 Architect: Adrian Smith
 Burj Khalifa earlier knows as Burj D0ubai,located in
downtown Dubai, U
 Soaring 828 meters above the metropolis of Dubai, the Burj
Khalifa is the world’s tallest building. 
 The tower’s overall design was inspired by the geometries of a
regional desert flower and the patterning systems embodied in
Islamic architecture. 
 These include a “sky-sourced” ventilation system, in which
cool, less humid air is drawn in through the top of the building.
 The Burj Khalifa employs a ‘Y’ shaped floor plan. 
 The shape and the upward setbacks help the structure to
reduce the wind forces that is acting on the structure. The
shape was finally fixed based on the series of wind tunnel
tests.
INSIDE THE BURJ KHALIFA
STRUCTUAL ABOUT BURJ KHALIFA

 The world’s tallest building, Burj Khalifa took 6 years for its construction and was
inaugurated on 4th January 2010.
 The structure is 828m tall and the whole system is a reinforced concrete tower structure.
 This was the first attempt in world history to have such a large height for structures.
 This reason made the designers to employ one of the best and latest technology and
innovative structural design.

 The structural features include:

 160 + story tower
 Podium structure adjacent
 Have a six story office adjacent
 A two story pool facility near
 The tower comprises 2,80,000 m2 area.
 This area is utilized for 700 residential apartments located from 45 to 108 floors. Remaining spaces is till the
160th floor is occupied by the corporate officers
 . The total project cost is estimated to be US$20billion. The tower construction itself costs $4.2billion.
 The structural elements used and their amount is mentioned below:
 Concrete Used = 250000 cubic meter
 Curtain Walls = 83,600sq.m of glass and 27,900 sq.m of metal
 Steel Rebars Used = 39,000 tones

 WHY STEEL CONCRETE IS MOST USED IN THE STRUCTURE

 Basically steel n concrete is used in the Burj Khalifa so that it get ability to withstand in harsh wind , as we
know it is the tallest building n might have risk to collapse so to provide strength this materials are used .
 The high-performance concrete used in Burj Khalifa guarantee low permeability and higher durability. The
C80 and C60 cube strength concrete is used incorporating fly ash, Portland cement, and the local
aggregates.
 Two numbers of this type of pump was used. As the temperature of the location (Dubai) is very high, there
were chance of cracks due to shrinkage. So, the concrete pouring process was carried out at night at a
cooler temperature.