Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• How do materials respond to the application of heat?
• How do we define and measure...
-- heat capacity?
-- thermal expansion?
-- thermal conductivity?
-- thermal shock resistance?
Cv
0 T (K)
0 D
Debye temperature
(usually less than T room )
• From atomic perspective:
-- Energy is stored as atomic vibrations.
-- As temperature increases, the average energy of
MSE-227
atomic vibrations increases. 3
Atomic Vibrations
Atomic vibrations are in the form of lattice waves or phonons
MSE-227
4
Specific Heat: Comparison
Material cp (J/kg-K)
• Polymers at room T
Polypropylene 1925 cp (specific heat): (J/kg-K)
Polyethylene 1850 Cp (heat capacity): (J/mol-K)
Polystyrene 1170
Teflon 1050
• Why is cp significantly
increasing cp
final initial
α(Tfinal Tinitial )
initial
linear coefficient of
thermal expansion (1/K or 1/°C)
MSE-227
6
Atomic Perspective: Thermal Expansion
T1 T2
T2 > T1
x1 heat flux x2
MSE-227
9
Thermal Conductivity: Comparison
Energy Transfer
Material k (W/m-K) Mechanism
• Metals
Aluminum 247 atomic vibrations
Steel 52 and motion of free
Tungsten 178
electrons
Gold 315
• Ceramics
increasing k
Magnesia (MgO) 38
Alumina (Al2O3) 39 atomic vibrations
Soda-lime glass 1.7
Silica (cryst. SiO2) 1.4
• Polymers
Polypropylene 0.12
Polyethylene 0.46-0.50 vibration/rotation of
Polystyrene 0.13 chain molecules
Teflon 0.25 MSE-227
10
Thermal Stresses
• Occur due to:
-- restrained thermal expansion/contraction
-- temperature gradients that lead to differential
dimensional changes
MSE-227
11
MSE-227
Thermal Shock Resistance
• Occurs due to: nonuniform heating/cooling
• Ex: Assume top thin layer is rapidly cooled from T1 to T2
rapid quench
tries to contract during cooling T2 Tension develops at surface
resists contraction T1 E (T1 T2 )
Temperature difference that Critical temperature difference
can be produced by cooling: for fracture (set = f)
quench rate
(T1 T2 ) (T1 T2 ) fracture f
k E
set equal
k
• (quench rate) for fracture Thermal
Shock Resistance (TSR) f
E
k
• Large TSR when f is large MSE-227
E
13
Thermal Protection System
• Application: Re-entry T
Space Shuttle Orbiter Distribution
0.012 m 12 mm
MSE-227
16
Example Problem
-- A brass rod is stress-free at room temperature (20°C).
-- It is heated up, but prevented from lengthening.
-- At what temperature does the stress reach -172 MPa?
Solution:
T0 Original conditions
0
Step 1: Assume unconstrained thermal expansion
0
thermal (Tf T0 )
Tf room
Step 2: Compress specimen back to original length
0
compress thermal
room
MSE-227
Example Problem (cont.)
0 The thermal stress can be directly
calculated as
E(compress )
E(thermal ) E
(Tf T0 ) E (T0 Tf )
20ºC
-172 MPa (since in compression)
Tf T0
E