PHYSICS

EXPERIMENT
PRESENTED BY:
NAME-
ROLL NO.-
COURSE- BSC. Phsc. + cs
SUBJECT- PHYSICS(LAB)
OBJECTIVE
To Determine the Mechanical Equivalent of
Heat J by Callender and Baren’s constant flow
method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Callender and Baren’s Calorimeter
AC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter
A Switch and A Rheostat
A Stopwatch
A Measuring Jar
Two Thermometer
Connecting Wires
DIAGRAM
THEORY
When a steady electric current flows through the heating coil and
Steady flow of water is maintained through the tube , the
Temperature at all parts of the appratus become steady .Under
such steady – state condition, the amount of electrical energy
supplied during a known time interval is consumed in heating the
amount of water which flows through the tube during the same
interval And a small amount of heat is lost by radiation to the
surrounding during that interval.
Continue
 Let the Potential difference across the ends of the spiral =V1 volts
The current flowing through the heating spiral = I 1 amps
The rate of flowing water through the tube =m1 gm/sec
The temperature of inlet water =
The temperature of outlet water =
The mean specific heat of water b/w the temperature(t1,t2) = s
The rise in temperature =)

… therefore we have =m1s)+h1

 
=m1s)+1 ……..(1)
 Where J is the Mechanical equivalent of heat and h1 is the amount of thermal leakage/sec
from the surface of tube due to radiation.
If V1,I1 and m1 are changes to V2,I2 and m2 while kepping the temperature rise unaltered,
=m2)+h2 ……(2)
Subtracting Eq.(1) from (2) , we obtain
= s(M2-M1)) + (h2-h1)
For all practical purposes, we may consider h1=h2
{ J = t } or {J =
Thus , by measuring V1,V2,I1,I2,m1,m2,
 PROCEDURE
1)Connect the apparatus & Make clean and tight connections shown in FIG.1. Insert
thermometer t1 and 2.
2)Adjust the tap of the water system so that the flow rate should be less than
1cc/sec.
3)Now switch on the Current &regulate the Rheostat so that the current passing is about 2
FIG.
amps. Current should be so adjusted such that the difference temperature is about 5 0C between
1.
inlet and outlet .
4)When the temperatures as shown by the thermometer remain steady for about 10 to 15
minutes. Note the temperature of two thermometers(Θ1 and Θ2) , ammeter and the
voltmeter readings.
5) Collect the water in the measuring cylinder for 5 minutes(300 sec) and calculate the mass
of flowing water per second. (For water 1cc = 1ml = 1g)
6) Now alter the value of V& I and adjust again the flow of water such that temperatures as
shown by thermometers remain unaltered.
7)Note readings for V2, I2 and m2 as in previous set.
8)Finally switch off current and there after cut off water supply.
Repeat this 2 to 3 times for better accuracy
OBSERVATION
Steady Temp. Temp. (
state T
No.

Case Voltage(V) Current(I) Mass of Beaker Time Mass of

No. (volts) (Amp.) 32.6 +collected record water
water (m) (sec) collected
(gm/sec)
Sum

32.6 m1=
FORMULA USED- 32.6 m2=
 
{J =
calculation  
J=
QUANTITY CASE 1 CASE2

Temp. ( T T Actual Value = 4.185 J/cal.

Current (I) I1=2 I2=

Voltage
Voltage (V)
(V) V1=
V1= V2=
V2= Percentage error
Flow
Flow Rate()
Rate() m1=
m1= m2=
m2=
% error = (4.185 – Observed Value) × 100
4.185
Result
The value of J is found to be = 3.95 Joule/cal.
 PRECATIONS
 1) The connections must be tight. See that voltmeter and ammeter are connected
properly.
2) The flow of water and current should be properly adjusted at both
times so that the temperatures 1& 2 may remain unaltered.
3) The difference of temperatures ( 2 - 1 ) should be of the order of
5 to 70 C .
4) The thermometers used for temperature measurement must be
capable of reading of temperatures up to one-tenth of a degree.
5) Current in the wire should only be started when water is flowing
and before cutting off the water supply it should be switched the
resistance wire will burn.
6)NO vacuum should be created inside the
vacuum tube because it may lead to damage
the wire working as resistance .
7)Water should pass through the tube
before passing the current through it.
8)All the fitting should be air tight and
make sure that Circuit should be off when
system is not in use
REFERENCES
THANKYOU