Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor RCRS RIU 1

Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
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ANATOMY IV
(Neuroanatomy)
Dr Tayyaba Zulqarnain
Lecture No 02
THE CEREBRAL
HEMISHERES
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To describe the basic structure and

functional localization of the highly complex
cerebral cortex.

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The Forbrain’s 4 Major Regions
Forebrain
•Telencephalon:
1. Cerebral Hemispheres
2. Basal Ganglia
•Diencephalon:
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus

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CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

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Brain Development

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SUPERFICIAL LAYERS OF THE BRAIN

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GENERAL APPEARANCE OF THE
• The cerebral hemispheres constitute the largest
part of the brain ( 83% of brain mass )
• Fissures – deep grooves – separate major regions
of the brain
– Longitudinal fissure (Falx cerebri)
• separates cerebral hemispheres linked by
corpus callosum.
– Transverse fissure (Tentorium cerebelli)
• separates cerebrum and cerebellum
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Falx cerebri
Is the largest of the dural partitions,
dividing the cerebrum sagittally into its left
and right hemispheres. It attaches anteriorly
to the frontal crest of the frontal bone and
posteriorly to the tentorium cerebelli.

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Tentorium cerebelli
This partition lies tranversally and separates
the cerebrum from the cerebellum. It extends from
anterior and posterior clinoid processes of the
sphenoid bone anteriorly, to the occipital bone
posteriorly.

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SURFACES OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
1.Lateral surface: convex
2.Medial surface: flat and vertical, Separated by
longitudinal fissure
3.Inferior surface
– Anterior = orbital surface of the frontal lobe
– Middle = under surface of the temporal lobe
– Posterior = tentorial surface

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Lateral surface

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Medial surface

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Inferior surface
Anterior
Middle
Posterior

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BORDERS OF HEMISPHERES
3 surfaces are separated by the following borders:
(a) Supero-medial, between the lateral and
medial surfaces.
(b) Infero-lateral, between the lateral and
inferior surfaces;
(c) Medial orbital, separating the orbital from
the medial surface
(d) Medial occipital, separating the medial and
tentorial surfaces.
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Poles of cerebral hemispheres
•Frontal pole
– The anterior end of the hemisphere
•Occipital pole
– Posterior end of hemisphere
•Temporal pole
– anterior end of the temporal lobe

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Sulci & Gyri
1.Sulci – grooves on the surface of the
cerebral hemispheres
2.Gyri – twisted ridges between sulci
•Prominent gyri and sulci are similar in all

people

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1. Central sulcus - separates frontal and
parietal lobes
2. Parieto-occipital sulcus - Separates the
occipital from the parietal lobe
3. Lateral sulcus - Separates temporal lobe
from parietal and frontal lobes
4. Insula – deep within the lateral sulcus

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• Deeper sulci divide cerebrum into
lobes
• Lobes are named for the skull bones
overlying them

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LOBES OF CEREBRAL
HEMISPHERES
Frontal lobe
•Three sulci divides it into four gyri
1. Precentral sulcus 1. Superior frontal gyrus

2. Superior frontal sulcus 2. Middle frontal gyrus
3. Inferior frontal sulcus 3. Inferior frontal gyrus
4. Precentral gyrus

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Parietal lobe
2 sulci divides into 3 gyri
1.Post central sulcus
2.Intraparietal sulcus
A.Post central gyrus
B.Supra parietal lobule
C.Infra parietal lobule

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Temporal lobe
2 sulci divides it into 3 gyri
1.Superior temporal sulcus
2.Middle temporal sulcus
A.Superior temporal gyrus
B.Mid temporal gyrus
C.Inferior temporal gyrus

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Occipital lobe
Smallest lobe
•Lateral occipital sulci
•Lateral occipital gyri
•Visual processing cortex

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Medial and inferior surface
•The lobes of the cerebral hemisphere are
not clearly define on the inferior and medial
surface.
•However there are many important area
that should be recognize;

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Medial Surface
Important structures on the medial surface
1.Corpus callosum
2.Cingulate gyrus
3.Callosal gyrus
4.Paracentral lobule
5.Precuneus
6.Cuneus

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MEDIAL SURFACE
Corpus callosum
Corpus callosum consists of about 200 million
axons that interconnect the two hemispheres.
It consists of thick bundle of nerve fibers
containing both myelinated and unmyelinated
axons.
The primary function of the corpus callosum is to
integrate motor, sensory, and cognitive
performances between the cerebral cortex on one
side of the brain to the same region on the other
side. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
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MEDIAL SURFACE
Cingulate gyrus
•Starts beneath the corpus callosum and goes back
above it and ends at the posterior end of it.
Callosal sulcus
•Separates corpus callosum from cingulate gyrus
Cingulate sulcus
•Separates cingulate gyrus from superior frontal
gyrus

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Callosal
sulcus
corpus callosum
Cingulate
sulcus

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MEDIAL SURFACE
Paracentral lobule
•Area of brain that surrounds the
indentation formed by the central sulcus on
the superior border
•Anterior part = precentral gyrus
•Posterior part = postcentral gyrus

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MEDIAL SURFACE
Precuneus
•Anteriorly = upturned end of cingulate
sulcus
•Posteriorly = Parieto-occipital sulcus

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MEDIAL SURFACE
Cuneus
•Triangular area between parieto-occipital
sulcus and calcarine sulcus

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Cuneus

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Inferior surface
Important structures on the Inferior surface
1.Collateral sulcus
2.Medial occipitotemporal gyrus

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INFERIOR SURFACE
Collateral sulcus
This Runs anteriorly below the Calcarine
Sulcus.

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Collateral sulcus
Divides lingual (yellow) and parahippocampal (green) gyri from fusiform gyrus (pink)
Collateral sulcus

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INFERIOR SURFACE
Lingual gyrus
•Between collateral sulcus and calcarine
sulcus

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Lingual gyrus

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INFERIOR SURFACE
Parahippocampal gyrus
•Anterior to lingual gyrus

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Parahippocampal
Gyrus

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INFERIOR SURFACE
Fusiform gyrus
•Lateral to the parahippocampal gyrus

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Fusiform gyrus

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MEDIAL AND INFERIOR SURFACE
Medial & lateral occipito-temporal

gyrus
•From occipital pole to temporal pole
•Medially by collateral sulcus
•Continuous with inferior temporal gyrus

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MEDIAL AND INFERIOR SURFACE
Olfactory Sulcus
•On the inferior surface of the frontal lobe
Gyrus Rectus
•Medial to the olfactory sulcus is the Gyrus
Rectus.
Orbital Rectus
•Lateral to the olfactory sulcus are a number
of Orbital Gyri
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Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor RCRS RIU 1

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Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant Professor RCRS RIU 1

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Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant

To describe the basic structure and