VENTRICULAR SYSTEM, CRANIAL

NERVES ,VISUAL AND AUDITORY

PATHWAYS
An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain

• The Ventricles of the Brain

• Ventricles are fluid-filled cavities
• Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Fluid transports nutrients to the CNS and transports
waste away from the CNS
• CSF also provides protection
• There are four ventricles
• Ventricles 1 and 2 (called lateral ventricles) are in the
cerebral hemispheres (separated by a partition called
the septum pellucidum)
• Ventricle 3 is in the diencephalon
• Ventricle 4 lies between the pons and the cerebellum
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An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain

• Lateral ventricles (ventricles 1 and 2)

• Main portion of the ventricle lies in the parietal lobes
• Each has an anterior horn extending into the frontal
lobe
• Each has a posterior horn extending into the occipital
lobe
• Each has an inferior horn extending into the temporal
lobe
• Each communicates with the third ventricle
• Through the interventricular foramen of munro

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Figure 16.2a Ventricles of the Brain

Cerebral
hemispheres

Lateral ventricles

Interventricular
foramen

Third ventricle
Anterior Posterior horns of
horns
lateral ventricles
of lateral
ventricles Inferior horns of
lateral
ventricles
Pons Aqueduct of
midbrain
Medulla oblongata
Fourth
Central canal ventricle
Spinal Cerebellum
cord
Orientation and extent of the ventricles as
seen in a lateral view of a transparent brain
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An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain

• Third ventricle
• Communicates with the fourth ventricle
• Through the aqueduct of the midbrain
(aqueduct of sylvius)
• Fourth ventricle
• Communicates with the central canal of the
spinal cord

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Figure 16.2a Ventricles of the Brain

Cerebral
hemispheres

Lateral ventricles

Interventricular
foramen

Third ventricle
Anterior Posterior horns of
horns
lateral ventricles
of lateral
ventricles Inferior horns of
lateral
ventricles
Pons Aqueduct of
midbrain
Medulla oblongata
Fourth
Central canal ventricle
Spinal Cerebellum
cord
Orientation and extent of the ventricles as
seen in a lateral view of a transparent brain
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Figure 16.2b Ventricles of the Brain
Anterior horn Lateral
of lateral ventricle
ventricle (left)
Inferior horns
of lateral
ventricles

Interventricular
Foramen
Posterior
Third ventricle horn of
lateral
Aqueduct of midbrain ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
Lateral view of a plastic cast of the
ventricles
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Figure 16.2c Ventricles of the Brain

Longitudinal
Lateral ventricles in
cerebral fissure
hemispheres

Interventricular
Third
foramen
ventricle Inferior horns
Aqueduct of of
lateral
midbrain ventricles
Pons
Fourth

ventricle Medulla
Cerebell oblongata
um Central canal

Anterior view of the ventricles as if

seen through a transparent brain
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Figure 16.2d Ventricles of the Brain

Lateral ventricles

Interventricular
foramen

Third
ventricle

Inferior horn of
lateral
ventricle
Aqueduct of Septum
pellucidum
midbrain
Fourth

ventricle Central canal

Diagrammatic coronal section showing the
interconnections between the ventricles
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Protection and Support of the Brain

• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

• Provides protection of the brain and spinal cord
• Provides support
• Transports nutrients to the CNS tissue
• Transports waste away from the CNS

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Protection and Support of the Brain

• Formation of CSF
• Produced by the ependymal cells of the
choroid plexus
• They actively transport nutrients, vitamins, and
ions into the CSF
• They actively remove waste from the CSF
• On average 21mls/hr of CSF is produced in an
adult (about 504mls/day)

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Figure 16.6 The Choroid Plexus and Blood–Brain Barrier

INTERSTITIAL FLUID IN THALAMUS

Nutrients
(especially glucose)
Ependymal Oxygen
cells
Capillary

Capillary Endothelial
cell
CO2 Blood–brain
Waste products barrier

Tight
Astrocyte Neuron
junctio
n

The location of the choroid plexus in

Choroid
each of the four ventricles of the brain plexus
cells
Waste products
Ions
Amino acids
(when necessary)

Ions
(Na, K, Cl, HCO 3, Ca2, Mg2)
Vitamins
Organic nutrients
The structure and function of the Oxygen
choroid plexus. The ependymal
cells are a selective barrier, actively Tight junction
transporting nutrients, vitamins,
and ions into the CSF. When
necessary, these cells also actively CHOROID PLEXUS
remove ions or compounds from
the CSF to stabilize its composition. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN THIRD VENTRICLE

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Protection and Support of the Brain

• Circulation of CSF
• CSF from the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles
• Flows through the interventricular foramen
• Flows into the third ventricle
• Flows into the aqueduct of the midbrain
• Flows into the fourth ventricle
• Through the lateral aperture and median aperture and
central canal of the spinal cord
• Flows into the subarachnoid space ,basal cisterns
and along Optic nerve
• Flows around the brain and spinal cord eventually
enters circulation via the arachnoid
granulations
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Increased intracranial pressure will cause
papilloedema ,seen on Fundoscopy

Basal meningitis will block CSF flow

Supralateral meningitis will destroy arachnoid

granulations and cause communicating
hydrocephalus
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) will cause
meningism, can also block basal cisterns and
cause obstructive hydrocephalus
Figure 16.7 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Superior
sagittal sinus Cranium Dura mater
(endosteal
layer)
Arachnoid
granulations
Arachnoid
granulation

Extension of choroid Fluid

plexus into movement
lateral ventricle
Arachnoid
trabecula

Cerebral Dura mater

cortex
(meningeal
layer)
Pia Subarachnoid Subdural
Superior mater space space
sagittal
sinus Arachnoid
mater

Choroid plexus
of third ventricle

Aqueduct
of
midbrain
L
a
t
e
r
a Central
l canal
Arachnoid mater
a
Subarachnoid
p space
e
r Dura mater
t
u Spinal
r cord
e

Choroid plexus of
fourth ventricle
Median aperture
Filum
terminale

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Protection and Support of the Brain

• Blood–Brain Barrier
• The lining of the blood vessels consists of
endothelial cells that are highly interconnected
by tight junctions
• Due to this tight connection, only lipid-soluble
material can pass from the blood to the cells of the
brain and spinal cord
• Water-soluble material can only pass via the action
of transport mechanisms
• The transport mechanisms are very specific

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The Cranial Nerves

• There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves

• These nerves innervate the periphery emerging
from the brain (not the spinal cord)
• These nerves are on the ventrolateral surface of
the brain
• They are numbered beginning at the anterior
aspect of the brain
• They are numbered CN I to CN XII

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Figure 16.22b Origins of the Cranial Nerves
Olfactory bulb, termination
of olfactory nerve (N I)
Olfactory tract

Optic chiasm
Optic nerve (N II)
Infundibulum

Oculomotor nerve (N III)

Trochlear nerve (N IV)

Trigeminal nerve (N V)

Abducens nerve (N

VI) Facial nerve (N

VII) Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII)
Glossopharyngea
l nerve (N IX)
Vagus nerve (N X)

Hypoglossal nerve (N XII)

Accessory nerve (N XI)

D
i
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a
Figure 16.22a Origins of the Cranial Nerves
Olfactory bulb, termination
of olfactory nerve (N I)
Olfactory tract
Mamillary
Optic chiasm
body
Basilar Optic nerve (N II)
Infundibulum
artery
Pons
Oculomotor nerve (N III)

Trochlear nerve (N IV)

Trigeminal nerve (N V)

Abducens nerve (N

VI) Facial nerve (N VII)

Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII)
Glossopharyngeal
Vertebral nerve (N IX)
artery
Vagus nerve (N X)
Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata Hypoglossal nerve (N XII)

Spinal cord Accessory nerve (N XI)

The inferior surface of the brain as it appears on

gross dissection. The roots of the cranial nerves
are clearly visible.
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The Cranial Nerves

• CN I: The Olfactory Nerve

• Function: sensory (smell)
• Origin: olfactory epithelium
• Foramen: olfactory foramina
• Destination: olfactory bulbs

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Figure 16.23 The Olfactory Nerve

Left olfactory bulb

(termination of
olfactory nerve)
Olfactory tract
(to olfactory cortex
of cerebrum) Olfactory
OLFACTORY nerve fibers
NERVE (N I)
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid
Olfactory epithelium

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN II: The Optic Nerve

• Function: sensory (vision)
• Origin: retina
• Foramen: optic canal
• Destination: diencephalon, then to occipital
lobe

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Figure 16.24 The Optic Nerve

Eye

Olfactory bulb
Olfactory
OPTIC NERVE tract
(N II)
Optic chiasm
Pituitary
Optic tract gland

Mesencephalon Lateral
(cut) geniculate
nucleus
(in
thalamus)

Optic
projection
fibers

Visual cortex
(in occipital lobes)

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN III: The Oculomotor Nerve

• Function: controls extra-ocular eye muscles
• Motor function
• Superior, inferior, and medial rectus
• Inferior oblique
• Levator palpebrae superioris
• Origin: mesencephalon
• Foramen: superior orbital fissure
• Destination: extra-ocular eye muscles

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Figure 16.25 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra–Ocular Muscles

Superior
rectus OPTIC Optic OCULOMOTOR TROCHLEAR
Superior muscle NERVE (N II) chiasm NERVE (N III) NERVE (N
IV)
oblique

muscle
Trochlea

Levator

palpebrae

superioris
muscle Trigeminal
nerve (N V), cut

Inferior Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII), cut
oblique

muscle Facial nerve

Inferior Medial (N VII), cut
rectus Ciliary rectus Lateral ABDUCENS
muscle ganglion rectus NERVE (N VI)
muscle
muscle
(cut)

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN IV: The Trochlear Nerve

• Function: controls extra-ocular eye muscles
• Motor function
• Superior oblique
• Origin: mesencephalon
• Foramen: superior orbital fissure
• Destination: extra-ocular eye muscles

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Figure 16.25 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra–Ocular Muscles

Superior
rectus OPTIC Optic OCULOMOTOR TROCHLEAR
Superior muscle NERVE (N II) chiasm NERVE (N III) NERVE (N
IV)
oblique

muscle
Trochlea

Levator

palpebrae

superioris
muscle Trigeminal
nerve (N V), cut

Inferior Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII), cut
oblique

muscle Facial nerve

Inferior Medial (N VII), cut
rectus Ciliary rectus Lateral ABDUCENS
muscle ganglion rectus NERVE (N VI)
muscle
muscle
(cut)

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN V: The Trigeminal Nerve

• Function:
• Mixed (sensory and motor) function
• Ophthalmic: sensations from the forehead, eyelids,
and nose
• Maxillary: sensations from lower eyelid, upper lip, and
cheek
• Mandibular: controls mastication
• Origin: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular
nerves

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN V: The Trigeminal Nerve (continued)

• Foramen:
• Ophthalmic: superior orbital fissure
• Maxillary: foramen rotundum
• Mandibular: foramen ovale
• Destination:
• Ophthalmic and maxillary: Pons
• Mandibular: mandibular muscles

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Figure 16.26 The Trigeminal Nerve

Superior
orbital Ophthalmic Semilunar
fissure branch ganglion

Supraorbital
nerves

Ciliary ganglion
Pons
TRIGEMINAL
Foramen NERVE (N V)
rotundum
Infra-orbital Maxillary
nerve branch

Foramen ovale
Lingual nerve Otic ganglion

Submandibular ganglion Mandibular branch

Mental nerve Pterygopalatine

ganglion

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN VI: The Abducens Nerve

• Function: controls eye movements
• Motor function
• Origin: pons
• Foramen: superior orbital fissure
• Destination: innervates the lateral rectus eye
muscle
• semilunar ganglion is sensory ganglion of
Trigeminal nerve that occupies a cavity in the
dura (Meckels cave), near the apex of the
petrous part of temporal bone.
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Figure 16.25 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra–Ocular Muscles

Superior
rectus OPTIC Optic OCULOMOTOR TROCHLEAR
Superior muscle NERVE (N II) chiasm NERVE (N III) NERVE (N
IV)
oblique

muscle
Trochlea

Levator

palpebrae

superioris
muscle Trigeminal
nerve (N V), cut

Inferior Vestibulocochlear
nerve (N VIII), cut
oblique

muscle Facial nerve

Inferior Medial (N VII), cut
rectus Ciliary rectus Lateral ABDUCENS
muscle ganglion rectus NERVE (N VI)
muscle
muscle
(cut)

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN VII: The Facial Nerve

• Function: Mixed (sensory and motor)
• Sensory: sensations from the face / taste
• Motor: controls muscles of the face
• Origin:
• Sensory: taste buds
• Motor: pons
• Foramen: internal acoustic meatus
• Destination:
• Sensory: pons
• Motor: muscles of the face
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Figure 16.27a The Facial Nerve

Greater
Pterygopalatine petrosal Geniculate FACIAL
ganglion nerve ganglion NERVE (N VII)

Temporal

branch
Pons

Zygomatic
branches
Posterior auricular
branch

Stylomastoid
Buccal foramen
branch
Chorda tympani nerve
(with mandibular
Mandibular branch of N V)
branch
Lingual branch
Cervical (with lingual nerve
of N V)
branch
Submandibular
ganglion
Origin and branches of the facial
nerve

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN VIII: The Vestibulocochlear Nerve

• Function:
• Sensory: balance and hearing
• Origin: receptors of the vestibule and cochlea
• Foramen: internal acoustic meatus
• Destination: pons

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Figure 16.28 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Tympanic Vestibular Facial Internal

cavity Semicircular branch acoustic VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
(middle ear) canals (N VIII) nerve canal NERVE (N VIII)
(N VII),
cut

NV

Pons

N VI
N VII
N IX
N XII
NX
Medulla
oblongata
N XI

Tympanic Auditory Cochlea Cochlear

membrane tube branch (N VIII)

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve

• Function: Mixed (sensory and motor)
• Sensory function: tongue pain
• Motor function: swallowing
• Origin:
• Sensory: posterior 1/3 of the tongue
• Motor: salivary gland

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve

(continued)
• Foramen: jugular foramen
• Destination:
• Sensory: pons
• Visceral motor: parotid salivary gland
• Somatic motor: pharyngeal muscles for
swallowing

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Figure 16.29 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Pons
NV
N VII
N VIII
N VI
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
Otic ganglion NERVE (N IX)
Medulla oblongata
Inferior (petrosal) Superior (jugular)
ganglion
ganglion

Lingual branch Pharyngeal branches

Parotid salivary
gland

Carotid sinus
branch

Carotid body

Carotid sinus

Common carotid

artery

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN X: The Vagus Nerve

• Function:
• Sensory: information from organs
• Motor: sends information to the organs
• Origin:
• Sensory: from the organs
• Motor: medulla oblongata

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN X: The Vagus Nerve (continued)

• Foramen: jugular foramen
• Destination:
• Sensory: autonomic centers of the medulla oblongata
• Somatic motor: muscles of the palate and pharynx
• Visceral motor: respiratory, cardiovascular, and
digestive organs

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Figure 16.30 The Vagus Nerve
VAGUS
NERVE (N X)

Superior pharyngeal
branch
Medulla oblongata

Auricular branch
to external ear
Superior ganglion
Inferior of vagus nerve

ganglion of Pharyngeal branch

vagus nerve
Superior laryngeal nerve
Internal branch
Superior
laryngeal nerve External branch

Recurrent Cardiac branches

laryngeal
nerve Cardiac plexus

Right lung Left lung

Liver
Anterior
vagal trunk

Stomach Spleen

Celiac
Pancreas
plexus

Colon
Small intestine
Hypogastric
plexus

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN XI: The Accessory Nerve

• Function:
• Motor: controls the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius,
palate, pharynx, and larynx muscles
• Origin: spinal cord and medulla oblongata
• Foramen: jugular foramen
• Destination:
• Internal branch: muscles of the palate, pharynx, and
larynx
• External branch: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
muscles
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Figure 16.31 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves

HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (N XII)

Trigeminal nerve (N V)
ACCESSORY NERVE (N XI)
Medulla oblongata
Internal branch: to palatal,
pharyngeal, and
laryngeal muscles with Cranial root of N XI
vagus nerve

Intrinsic muscles Spinal

of tongue root of N XI
Styloglossus muscle
External
Genioglossus muscle branch of N XI

Geniohyoid muscle Spinal cord

Hyoglossus
muscle
Hyoid bone
Trapezius muscle
Thyrohyoid muscle Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Sternothyroid muscle Ansa cervicalis
(cervical plexus)

Omohyoid muscle

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The Cranial Nerves

• CN XII: The Hypoglossal Nerve

• Function:
• Motor: controls tongue movement
• Origin: medulla oblongata
• Foramen: hypoglossal canal
• Destination: tongue muscles

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Figure 16.31 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves

HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (N XII)

Trigeminal nerve (N V)
ACCESSORY NERVE (N XI)
Medulla oblongata
Internal branch: to palatal,
pharyngeal, and
laryngeal muscles with Cranial root of N XI
vagus nerve

Intrinsic muscles Spinal

of tongue root of N XI
Styloglossus muscle
External
Genioglossus muscle branch of N XI

Geniohyoid muscle Spinal cord

Hyoglossus
muscle
Hyoid bone
Trapezius muscle
Thyrohyoid muscle Sternocleidomastoid
muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Sternothyroid muscle Ansa cervicalis
(cervical plexus)

Omohyoid muscle

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The Cranial Nerves

• Summary of Cranial Nerve Branches and

Functions
• Mnemonic aid
• Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very
Good
Vacations Are Heavenly

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Table 16.12 The Cranial Nerves (Part 1 of 2)

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Table 16.12 The Cranial Nerves (Part 2 of 2)

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