WHAT’S INSIDE

THE EARTH?
(Week 5)
S8ES-IIa-17: Explain
how earthquake waves
provide information
about the interior of
the Earth.
Let’s Review….
1. Label the layers of the Earth.
Let’s Review….
5. The point on the surface directly
above the focus.
a. Earthquake
b. seismic wave
c. Seismographic station
d. epicenter
Let’s Review….
6. Which is the point directly above
the focus?
a.Earthquake
b.seismic wave
c. Seismographic station
d.epicenter
Let’s Review….
7. Which attributes to the vibrations
created by an earthquake?
a. Sea-surface waves
b. Pressure waves
c. Seismic waves
d. Tidal waves
Let’s Review….
8. The thinnest layer of the Earth
is…
a. Mantle
b. Lithosphere
c. Asthenosphere
d. Crust
 Let’s Review….
9. An instrument used to measure and
record ground movements during an
earthquake is called
a. seismograph
b. laser-ranging device
c. creep meter
d. moment magnitude scale.
Let’s Review….
10. The natural shaking of the earth
due to the release as rocks move along
a fault
A. Fault
B. Frequency
C. Earthquake
D. Coverage
 What’s inside of the earth?
• We often think of earthquake as something
harmful and the reason is obvious.
• But, earthquakes help scientists in figure out
what is inside the earth. How?
• As you know by now, when a fault suddenly
moves, an earthquake is generated.
An Earthquake occurs when
energy is released through
rapid movement along a fault.
 Focus
• That is the point along the fault line where the rock under stress
breaks.
 Epicenter
• Is the point on the earth’s surface directly above the Focus.
Layers of the Earth
 Earth’s Interior
The Earth’s interior has four layers .
• Crust, the solid rock layer that makes up the
outermost shell of the earth.
• The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth's
interior. The mantle lies between Earth's dense,
super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust.
• Outer core differs from the rest of the earth's
interior because it is the only liquid layer. It
composed of iron and nickel, resulting in a very thick
liquid that flows chaotically.
• At the very center of the earth is the 1220 km-thick
inner core, which is the densest layer and is
composed of solid iron with some amount of nickel.
 What’s inside the earth?
How does earthquake helps scientists figure out
what is inside the Earth?
• The shaking starts from the focus and spreads out.
• The vibrations are more properly called seismic
waves.
• As seismic waves travel through the body of the
earth, they behave in different ways depending on
what they encounter along the way.
 HOW SEISMIC WAVES CAN GIVE
INFORMATION ABOUT THE INTERNAL
STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH?
•What are the characteristics of
P and S waves?
•Which wave can travel through
solid and liquid?
 Seismic waves
Two Main Types:
1. Body Waves – can travel through earth’s
interior.
2. Surface Waves – can travel only through the
Earth’s surface.
 Seismic waves
1. Body Waves:
a. Primary wave (P-wave)- the
fastest kind of seismic wave. The P
wave can move through solid rocks
and fluids, like water or the liquid
layers of the earth. It pushes and pulls
the rock it moves through just like
sound waves push and pull the air.
 Seismic waves
Body Waves:
b. Secondary wave (S-wave)- is
slower than a P wave and can only
move through solid rocks. This
wave moves rocks up and down, or
side-to-side.
 Seismic waves
2. Surface Waves
a. Love wave – It is the fastest, most destructive,
and moves the ground from side to side.
 Seismic waves
2. Surface Waves
b. Rayleigh wave – rolls along the ground just like a
wave rolls across a lake or an ocean. (Up &down,
side-to-side). Larger than the other waves.
 Seismic waves
• As seismic waves travel deeper into the crust, they speed
up. That means that at depth the rocks are denser.
• In the upper part of the mantle, the waves slow down.
That means the rocks there are partially molten.
• As the waves reach the core, one kind of a seismic wave
(s-wave) disappears. That means the outer core is liquid.
• At certain depths, the waves are reflected and refracted
(bent). That means the Earth must be layered.
 LET’S CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. The order of earthquake waves arrived at seismic stations.
a. P- waves, then S- waves, then surface waves
b. S- waves, then P- waves, then surface waves
c. S- waves, then surface waves, then P- waves
d.Surface waves, then P- waves, then S- waves
2. These waves can travel through the inner core….
a. P waves only
b. S waves only
c. P and S waves
d. Neither P and S waves
 LET’S CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
3. Body waves consist of the:
a. P waves only
b. P and S waves
c. S waves only
d. Surface waves
4. P waves travel faster through the liquid outer core compared to
the solid inner core.
a. True b. False
5. Seismic waves don’t carry energy released from an earthquake.
a. True b. False