8TH

November 23, 2023

 PRAYER
Dear Lord and Father of all, thank you for today.
Thank you for ways in which you provide for us all.
For Your protection and love we thank you.
Help us to focus our hearts and minds now on what
we are about to learn.
Inspire us by Your Holy Spirit as we listen and learn.
Guide us by your eternal light as we discover more
about the world around us.
We ask all this in the name of Jesus.
Amen
ATTENDANCE
 Fault

A fracture or break in the Earth’s crust

Active fault:
Recently generated
earthquake within the
last 10, 000 years

Inactive fault: Do not

show signs of ever
having generated
earthquakes within
the last 10 000 years.
 Parts of a Fault

5.
4.
1.
3.

2.
 EARTHQUAKE
Shaking or trembling of the
earth that accompanies
rock movements extending
everywhere from the crust
to 680 km below the earth’s
surface
Focus - The point below the surface
where the rock breaks and energy is
released. (This is where the
earthquake occurred.)
The seismic waves from an earthquake
are usually strongest at the epicenter.
This is the point on the surface right
above the focus.
 Intensity and Magnitude
Intensity - tells us how much a certain area
was shaken when the earthquake reached the
area
Magnitude - total amount of energy that was
released by the earthquake at the focus.
 The Earth’s Crust
Outermost and thinnest layer of the earth’s
lithosphere
2 parts:
 The continental crust
(granite) thicker but lighter

 The oceanic crust

(basalt) thinner but denser
CONTINENTAL CRUST

25 - 70 km thick
 consist of light colored, less dense
igneous rocks

granite
OCEANIC CRUST
5 -10 km thick
 Consist of dark, dense igneous rocks

basalt
 The Mantle
Thickest layer ( about 2890 km thick)
The upper mantle
• Is made up of rocks rich in magnesium and iron,
and poor in silica.

The Lower mantle

• It is denser and contains a greater amount of
iron than the upper mantle
Both P- and S-
waves from
earthquakes travel
through the mantle,
demonstrating that
it is solid
The Core
2 parts:
Outer core
(liquid part)
 Inner core – affect the
electromagnetic field
on earth ( solid part)
The core is composed
of iron and we know
that it exists because
it refracts seismic
waves creating a
'shadow zone' at
distances between
103º and 143º
We also know that the
outer part of the core is
liquid because S-waves
do not pass through it.
P-waves pass through
both mantle and core,
but are slowed and
refracted at the
mantle/core boundary
SEISMIC
WAVES
Fill in the blanks:
CRUST
1. _________________ Earth’s outermost
and rigid layer. Only (5 km) thick under the
oceans and averaging (25 km) under the
continents.
MANTLE
2. _________________ Divided into two
sub regions, upper and lower, this dense
layer is made of hot semi solid rock.
 INNER CORE
3. _________________An extremely
hot, solid sphere of mostly iron and
nickel at the center of the earth. It is
3200 to 3960 miles below the surface
and about 750 miles in diameter.

4. How do you think scientist

discovered the layer of the Earth?
SEISMIC WAVES
 Vibration usually generated by tectonic plate
movement or earthquakes when rocks within
break producing a tremendous amount of
energy, but they may also result to explosion,
landslide, and volcanic activity.
 Seismic comes from the Greek word ‘seismo’
which means earthquake.
 Recorded in a seismograph
Terminologies
SEISMOLOGIST
- Study the internal structure of the Earth
and try to determine factors that contribute
to or foretell an earthquake.

SEISMOGRAM
- A graph output by a seismograph.
 Seismic Waves

Body Waves Surface Waves

P Waves S Waves Love (L) Rayleigh

Waves (R) Waves
 Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth.
 Surface waves: Their motion is restricted to near the ground
surface.
Scramble Words: Unscramble
the words

MYIRPAR AVWE also known as

longitudinal waves
PRIMARY WAVE
OYSAENDCR VEAW can only
moves through solid rocks
SECONDARY WAVE
HGIELAYR EAVW moves the
ground side to side and up and
down in the same direction that
the wave is moving.

RAYLEIGH WAVE
OVEL WVEA – the fastest surface
wave
LOVE WAVE
FAURESC AEWV travel only
through crust
SURFACE WAVE
 P WAVES
P waves are the fastest body waves and
arrive before the S waves, or secondary
waves.
 The P waves carry energy through the
Earth as longitudinal waves
 P-waves travel through solids or liquids.
 Less destructive than the S waves
and surface waves that follow them,
due to their smaller amplitudes
 S WAVES
S waves, travel slower than P waves.
They arrive at seismograph stations after
P waves.
Secondary Waves
 Particle motion is at right angles to the path
of the wave. Cause shearing deformations
 S waves are several times larger in
amplitude than P waves for earthquake
sources.
 S-waves travel only through solids, because
fluids (liquids and gasses) have no shearing
stiffness (i.e. fluids cannot support shear
 BODY WAVES
Body
waves
P waves S waves
AKA
Primary (1st to arrive)
Secondary (2nd to arrive -
Longitudinal, Compression larger) Transverse, Shear
Moves
through (solid, liquid) Can go through solids only
Movement • back and forth movement of • Move sideways
of rock
rock • perpendicular to
• Push / pull or
direction of wave travel
compression/stretch out
• Vibration is same as the • Like snake
direction of travel
 SURFACE
WAVES
 They travel more slowly than body waves.
 Because of their low frequency, long
duration, and large amplitude, they can be
the most destructive type of seismic wave.
 Two main types are Love & Rayleigh
 RAYLEIGH
WAVES
It motion of particle at shallow depth
is retrograde (elliptical).
 LOVE
WAVES
It moves the ground from side to side in a
horizontal plane but at right angles to the
direction of propagation.
Love waves generally travel faster than
Rayleigh waves.