•Group presentation: 24.09.

2019

•Kamgang Fozing, Hanna Nguyen, Ayushma Bhandari and Barsha Sapkota

Attack of illness:

1. Chest pain
2. Sudden brain derived systems (Stroke)
3. Epilepsy
4. Convulsion with loss of consciousness
Chest pain, signs and symptoms
Chest pain:

- Discomfort in the chest which might feel like squeezing or

pressure
- Caused when the heart muscle lacks enough oxygenated blood

Signs and symptoms:


Difficulty in breathing

Shortness of breath

Pain travels to back, neck, jaw, shoulders and arms

Dizziness and weakness
Causes of chest pain
• Heart related causes:
heart attack, angina etc.
• Digestive causes:
swallowing disorders, pancreatic problems etc.
• Muscles and bone causes:
injured ribs, sore muscles etc.
• Lungs related causes:
pulmonary embolism, collapsed lungs etc
• Other causes:
panic attack, shingles etc
Prevention
• Physical exercises and activities
• Balanced diet
• Low or no alcohol and smoking
• Consuming more vegetables than meat
• Keeping other diseases (diabetes or blood pressure) under control
Stroke ( Sudden brain-derived syptoms)
• Poor blood supply to the brain causing cell death

• Types of stroke:
1. Ischemic: Lack of blood supply to the brain
2. Haemorrhagic: Due to the bleeding

• Tends to occur very suddenly with very little warming.

Causes of stroke
• Smoking
• High blood pressure
• Obesity
• Cholesterol levels
• Diabetes
• Excessive alcohol intake
• Stress
Signs and Symptoms
• Sudden, severe headache
• Dizziness
• Loss of consciousness
• Confusion and slurred speech (could be mistaken for drunkenness)
• Dribbling when trying to smile, speak or swallow
• Inability to speak or understand words
• Weakness or complete loss of the ability to use one side of the body
Use the letter
in “F.A.S.T”
to spot stroke
signs and
know when to
call 112
First aid for stroke
• Asses according to DRSABC, Prepare to resuscitate if necessary.
• Call emergency service 112.
• If unconscious but breathing, put in the recovery position.
• If conscious, lay them on their back with head and shoulders
comfortably raised.
• Look quickly for medical ID tag. The casualty may be suffering from
another condition.
• Do not give food or water at any stage.
Prevention:
• Monitoring blood pressure regularly

• Healthy diet, avoid high cholesterol diet

• Quitting smoking, alcohol and drugs

• Losing weight if necessary

• Doing regular exercise

Epilepsy
Tendency to have recurrent seizures.

Caused by an instability of electric activity in the brain.

Possible situations:
• Head injury, difficulties at birth, reduced brain oxygen
• Brain problems (tumours, bleeding, swelling).
• Certain diseases (diabetes, liver failure).
• Certain poisons such as pesticides.
• An inherited low “seizure threshold”.
• A large intake of alcohol
Identification of situation and symptoms:
• Sudden or violent jerking movements of limbs

• Rolling eyes, clenching teeth, tongue biting and drooling saliva

• Loss of bladder control

• The back may arch

• Loss of consciousness
First aid for epilepsy

• Gentle cushion the casualty’s head.

• Loosening any tight clothing around the neck
• Moving objects away that might harm the victim.
• Keeping the casualty into recovery position
• Reaching 112/999 for emergency
• Checking id cards
• Checking the level of response regularly
Prevention of epilepsy
• Avoiding drugs, alcohol and smoking

• Taking medicines regularly as prescribed

• Eating healthy diet

• Getting enough exercise and rest

• Stress management and relaxation

Convulsion with the loss of consciousness
Convulsion:
sometimes called as a “seizure” caused due to uncontrollable muscle
contractions

Possible situations for Convulsion:

• Seizures which are conclusive
• Heart Stroke
• Drug or alcohol overdose/ withdrawal
• Medication reactions
• Excessive blood loss due to trauma or internal bleeding
• Dehydrations 
Identifications and symptoms:

• Rhythmic shaking or jerking

• Unusual physical movements

• Unstoppable voluntary movements

• Sometimes snoring, rolling eyes and saliva drool

First aid for convulsion with unconsciousness
•Checking air ways and breathing

•Contacting 999/112 if casualty´s level of response don`t improve after five minutes 

•Placing the casualty in recovery positions

•Protecting the casualty from further injury

•Loosening tight clothing to assist easy breathing

•Monitoring airways and breathing regularly until the help arrives

 Preventions of convulsions with unconsciousness
• Proper medications

• Proper diet, exercise and sleep

• Be hydrated

• Vitamins supplement (if required)

• NO! consumptions of drugs and alcohol

• Education about convulsions preventions 

References:
• CLINIC BARCELONA Hospital Universitari, 2019. Chest pain. [Online]
Available at: https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/be-healthy/chest-pain/prevention
[Accessed 29 09 2019].

• Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2019. Chest pain. [Online]
Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chest-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20370838
[Accessed 29 09 2019].

• Everyday Health, 1996-2019. Epilepsy. [Online]

Available at: https://www.everydayhealth.com/epilepsy/preventing-epilepsy-seizures.aspx
[Accessed 29 09 2019].

• Dr. Pippa Keech, Practical guide to first aid fast and effective emergency care, Lorenz Books; 2003.P.80-83

• Association of Chief Police Officers First Aid Forum, 2011. First Aid Made Easy. In: First Aid Made Easy.
s.l.:Qualsafe Limited.p.45-49