Nepal Telecom

Exam Preparation

(Level 7)

Dipak Kumar Nidhi

Multiplexing
 Introduction

• Under the simplest conditions, a medium can carry only one signal at
any moment in time
• if we try to pass multiple signals through a common medium, they will
possibly interfere with each other
• when two or more signals with same frequency pass at the same time
through a common medium the interference phenomena occur.
 Introduction

• This means we have to devise a way to avoid the interference of the signals
• Which means that multiple signal
--Should have different frequency
--Must not travel at same time
--Must not travel through same medium
• For multiple signals to share a medium, the medium must somehow be divided,
so that each signal receives a portion of the total bandwidth
 Need for MULTIPLEXING

• Transmission services are very expensive (leased lines, packet switched

networks)
• Multiplexing and compression techniques save the business money
• As the data capacity of line increase, it will become more cost effective for a
company
• Most data services require modest data rate support
 MULTIPLEXING

• Multiplexing refer to the combination of information streams from multiple

sources for the transmission over a shared medium.
• It is nothing but sharing of medium
• Multiplexer is a mechanism that implements the concept
• Demultiplexing refer to the separation of a combination back into separate
information streams
• Demultiplexer is a mechanism that implements the concept
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
 Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)

• It is also called as spatial multiplexing

• SDM is a multiplexing technique in MIMO wireless, OFC and other
communications used to transmit independent channels separated in space
 Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)

• Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channel

• Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency
• Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard bands)
• e.g. broadcast radio
• Channel allocated even if no data
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
Hierarchy of FDM schemes
 Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)

AT&T (USA)
Group
12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
Range 60kHz to 108kHz
Supergroup
60 channel
FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz
Mastergroup
10 supergroups
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

TDM is a method of putting multiple data streams in a single signal by separating

the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration
• Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital signal to be transmitted
• Multiple digital signals interleaved in time
• May be at bit level of blocks
• Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed
• Time slots allocated even if no data
• Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed amongst sources
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Interleaving
The process of taking a group of bits from each input line for multiplexing is called
interleaving.

Data Rate Management

• Not all input links maybe have the same data rate.
• Some links maybe slower. There maybe several different input link speeds
• There are three strategies that can be used to overcome the data rate mismatch:
multilevel, multislot and pulse stuffing
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

• Multilevel: used when the data rate of the input links are
multiples of each other.

• Multislot: used when there is a GCD between the data rates.

The higher bit rate channels are allocated more slots per
frame, and the output frame rate is a multiple of each input
link.

• Pulse Stuffing: used when there is no GCD between the links.

The slowest speed link will be brought up to the speed of the
other links by bit insertion, this is called pulse stuffing.
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Synchronization
• To ensure that the receiver correctly reads the incoming bits, i.e., knows
the incoming bit boundaries to interpret a “1” and a “0”, a known bit
pattern is used between the frames.
• The receiver looks for the anticipated bit and starts counting bits till the
end of the frame.
• Then it starts over again with the reception of another known bit.
• These bits (or bit patterns) are called synchronization bit(s).
• They are part of the overhead of transmission.
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
T1 and E1 hierarchy in digital telephone
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
T1 and E1 hierarchy in digital telephone
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
• WDM technology is a fiber communication technology
transmitting multiple optical carriers with information (analog or
digital) on one fiber.
WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals.
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing

 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

WDM Classification

• CWDM: Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

• DWDM: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

Why not SDH/SONET ???

 Due to some Electronic issues.
 Due to Dispersion problem.
 Do to Optical detection circuitry.
 Transmission over 10 G is more affected by Dispersion.
 High transmission power required for high bit rate transmission.
 Polarization Mode dispersion affects the limits of a light pulse
travel without degradation.
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

OEO:-Optical-electrical-optical, a fiber media converter

OADM:- Optical add/drop multiplexer
EDFA:- Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

DWDM Characteristics
• Cost effectiveness.
• Multi protocol support / Transparency : It is physical layer protocol,
It supports all types of data packets.
• Scalability.
• Reliability.
 Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)

• Also known as code division multiple access (CDMA)

• An advanced technique that allows multiple devices to transmit on
the same frequencies at the same time using different codes
• Used for mobile communications
 Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)

Each mobile device is assigned a unique 64-bit code (chip

spreading code)
• To send a binary 1, mobile device transmits the unique code
• To send a binary 0, mobile device transmits the inverse of
code
Receiver gets summed signal, multiplies it by receiver code, adds
up the resulting values
• Interprets as a binary 1 if sum is near +64
• Interprets as a binary 0 if sum is near –64
 Polarization Division Multiplexing (PDM)

•  Electromagnetic signals are polarized into orthogonal channels that

are transmitted through a common medium
• PDM is frequently used in fiber optics communications, as well as
radio and microwave transmissions
Thanks