University Of Al Fashir

Faculty Of Medical Laboratory science

Department Of Medical Microbiology

The History Of Medical Microbiology

Prepared by / Batch one students

upervised by / Mr. Mudather Abdallah Adam

 OUTLINES

1. Introduction To Medical Microbiology

2. Pre golden era of microbiology
3. Spontaneous generation debate
4. Louis pasture
5. Germ Theory Of Disease
6. Robert kouch
7. The Development Of Culture Media
8. Early History Of Immunology
9. Discovery of Antimicrobial Agents
10. Modern discoveries
 INTRODUCTION

• as Microbiology derived from Greek word micro “small” bio

“life” logy “study”
Hypothesis of microorganisms
• The existence of microorganisms was hypothesized for many
centuries before their actual discovery
• Early Christian bliver that disease is punishment from the god
due to sine
• The existence unseen of microbiological life was postulated
by “Janisism” which is based on “mahavira” teaching's as
early 6th century
 PRE GOLDEN ERA OF MICROBIOLOGY

• Jain scriptures describe “nigodas” which are sub-microscopic creatures

living in large clusters and having a very short life said to pervade
every part of the universe.
• In the golden age of Islamic civilization Persian scientists hypothesized
the existence of
• Microorganisms such as “Avicenna” in his book the Canon of medicine
• “Ibn Zuhr” who discovered scabies mites and “Al Razi” who gave the
earliest know description of smallpox in his book the Virtuous life (al-
Hawi)
AVICENNA
 PRE GOLDEN ERA OF MICROBIOLOGY

• Hans and zacharias janassen: 1590 :mounted two

lenses in tube to produce first compound microscope
• Robert hooke: 1635_1703 invented the compound
microscope and illumination system
• Anton van leeuwenhook:1632 – 1723 first to observe
microbes with his single lens magnified 50 – 300x
magnification
• he wrote series of papers describing his observation
of bacteria ,algae, protozoa, and fungi (Animalcules)
 SPONTANEOUS GENERATION DEBATE

• what do we mean by Spontaneous generation ?

• It refers to the generation of life from non living matter
• Many scientist hypothesized a lot of hypothesizes and followed it
by experiments to be prove
• Arstole : observed the following….
1. Aphids dew
2. Fleas putrid matter
3. Mice dirty hay
 SPONTANEOUS GENERATION DEBATE

Francesco redi
• Showed that flay maggot do not arise from decaying meat if the
meat is covered to prevent the entry of flies
Needham
• Observed that ,if a broth was boiled and then allowed to sit in
the open air it became cloudy
Lazzaro spallanzani
• Disputed the theory by demonstrating the air carrying germs to
the culture medium
 LOUIS PASTURE
• Was born in 27th of December 1822 in dole ,
France.
• Demonstrated The basic principles of
fermentation, pasteurization and vaccination.
• He defeat the theory of spontaneous generation
• And supported the germ theory of disease
• He is known as the father of bacteriology
 KOCH'S POSTULATES

• Four criteria that were established by Robert Koch to identify

the causative agent of a particular disease, these include:
•  
• The pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease
• The pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and
grown in pure culture
• The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease
when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
• The pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host and
shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
CULTURE MEDIA
Culture media
Substances designed to create nutritional conditions
similar to the natural environment in which the
microorganism commonly survive and reproduce.
The Origin of culture media
Can be traced to the 19th century
The bacteriologist attempted with variable success to
grow microorganism either directly by using food or
by some compositions.
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CULTURE MEDIA

• The first person that cultivate microorganism on growth medium

was the French chemist and microbiologist (Louis pasture)And
fashioned a media of yeast ,candysugur & ammonium salts
in1850..

• Pasture media was refined by Ferdinand where the

type of sugar were varied more to create more of
medium .
• Then a greater success observed when Robert Koch
discovered broth based fresh beef meet extract
"Koch was the father of culture media "
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
• Antimicrobial agent
• is Defined as anatura or synthetic substance that kill or inhabit the growth lof
microorganisms
 EARLY HISTORY OF IMMUON0LOGY
• The first vaccine to be developed against contagious
disease in 1796 by Edward jenner
• Edward jenner an English physician and scientist , known
as the father of immunology
• Jenner was pioneer the smallpox vaccine by his observed
the immune capabilities by injecting pus of an infected
person to the healthy host , the healthy person was not
infected by smallpox rather the antigen in the pus activate
the immune response
• Cowpox served as natural vaccine until the modern
smallpox vaccine emerge in 19 th century
summary