TYPES OF

MATERIAL
LECTURER SIR FAREED ALVI
 GROUP MEMBERS

NAME SEAT NUMBER

TAHA EB 20102135
SYED HUSSAIN ABBAS EB 20102127
SHAN EB 20102119
ABDUL KABIR GHOUS EB 20102001
SHEROZE REHMAN EB 20102122
 MATERIAL
 DEFINITION :
The matter from which a thing is or can be made is known as material .Metals plastic
composites and ceramics are the main categories of materials.
A material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object. Materials can be
pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified based on their
properties .
 METALS

 Metals are one of the most significant material which are being used in
manufacturing different materials . Metals usually comes in raw form from metal
ores.

 CLASSIFICATION OF METALS :
Metals are classified into two categories ,
• ferrous
• non ferrous
WHICH METALS ARE FERROUS ?
 STEEL :
Steel is made by adding iron to carbon which hardens the iron. Alloy steel becomes even
tougher as other elements like chromium and nickel are introduced. Steel is made by heating
and melting iron ore in furnaces. The steel can is tapped from the furnaces and poured into
molds to form steel bars. Steel is widely used in the construction and manufacturing industries.
 CAST IRON :
Cast iron is an alloy made from iron, carbon, and silicon. Cast iron is brittle and hard and
resistant to wear. It’s used in water pipes, machine tools, automobile engines and stoves.
 WROUGHT IRON :
Wrought iron is an alloy with so little carbon content it’s almost pure iron. During the
manufacturing process, some slag is added which gives wrought iron excellent resistance to
corrosion and oxidation, however, it is low in hardness and fatigue strength. Wrought iron is
used for fencing and railings, agricultural implements, nails, barbed wire, chains, and various
ornaments
WHICH METALS ARE NON-
FERROUS?
ALUMINUM:
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged,
machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because
aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food
cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
 COPPER:
Copper is red in color, highly ductile, malleable and has high conductivity for
electricity and heat. Copper is principally used in the electrical industry in the form of
wire and other conductors. It’s also used in sheet roofing, cartridge cases, statutes, and
bearings. Copper is also used to make brass, an alloy of copper and zinc.
 LEAD:
Lead is a soft, heavy, malleable metal with a low melting point and low tensile
strength. It can withstand corrosion from moisture and many acids. Lead is widely used
in electrical power cables, batteries, building construction and soldering.
 POLYMERS:
 A polymer is a large molecule or a macromolecule which essentially is a
combination of many subunits. The term polymer in Greek means ‘many parts’.
Polymers can be found all around us. From the strand of our DNA which is a
naturally occurring biopolymer to polypropylene which is used throughout the
world as plastic.
 Polymers may be naturally found in plants and animals (natural polymers) or
may be man-made (synthetic polymers). Different polymers have a number of
unique physical and chemical properties due to which they find usage in everyday
life.
 CLASSIFICATION
 NATURAL POLYMERS:
They occur naturally and are found in plants and animals. For example proteins,
starch, cellulose, and rubber. To add up, we also have biodegradable polymers which
are called biopolymers.
 SEMI-SYNTHETIC POLYMERS:
They are derived from naturally occurring polymers and undergo further chemical
modification. For example, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate.
 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS:
These are man-made polymers. Plastic is the most common and widely used synthetic
polymer. It is used in industries and various dairy products. For example, nylon-6, 6,
polyether’s etc.
 Structure of Polymers:
Most of the polymers around us are made up of a hydrocarbon backbone. A 
Hydrocarbon backbone being a long chain of linked carbon and hydrogen atoms,
possible due to the tetravalent nature of carbon.
A few examples of a hydrocarbon backbone polymer are polypropylene,
polybutylene, polystyrene. Also, there are polymers which instead of carbon have
other elements in its backbone. For example, Nylon, which contains nitrogen atoms
in the repeated unit backbone.
 COMMERCIAL USES :
Polymer Monomer Uses of Polymer

Rubber Isoprene (1, 2-methyl 1 – 1, 3-butadiene) Making tyres, elastic materials

BUNA – S (a) 1, 3-butadiene (b) Styrene Synthetic rubber

BUNA – N (a) 1, 3-butadiene (b) Vinyl Cyanide Synthetic rubber

Teflon Tetra Flouro Ethane Non-stick cookware – plastics

Terylene (a) Ethylene glycol (b) Terephthalic acid Fabric

Glyptal (a) Ethylene glycol (b) Phthalic acid Fabric

Bakelite (a) Phenol (b) Formaldehyde Plastic switches, Mugs, buckets

PVC Vinyl Cyanide Tubes, Pipes

Melamine Formaldehyde Resin (a) Melamine (b) Formaldehyde Ceramic plastic material

Nylon-6 Caprolactum Fabric

 CERAMICS

 Ceramics are classified as inorganic and nonmetallic materials that are essential to
our daily lifestyle.  Ceramic and materials engineers are the people who design
the processes in which these products can be made, create new types of ceramic
products, and find different uses for ceramic products in everyday life.
 Ceramics are generally made by taking mixtures of clay, earthen elements,
powders, and water and shaping them into desired forms.  Once the ceramic has
been shaped, it is fired in a high temperature oven known as a kiln.  Often,
ceramics are covered in decorative, waterproof, paint-like substances known as
glazes.
EXAMPLES :

  Ceramics are all around us.  This category of materials includes things like tile,
bricks, plates, glass, and toilets
 Silica - silicon dioxide (SiO2), the main ingredient in most glass products
Alumina - aluminum oxide (Al2O3), used in various applications from abrasives
to artificial bones More complex compounds such as hydrous aluminum silicate
(Al2Si2O5(OH)4), the main ingredient in most clay products
 PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
 High melting points (so they're heat resistant).
 Great hardness and strength.
 Considerable durability (they're long-lasting and hard-wearing).
 Low electrical and thermal conductivity (they're good insulators).
 Chemical inertness (they're unreactive with other chemicals).
 Most ceramics are also nonmagnetic materials, although ferrites (iron-based
ceramics) happen to make great magnets (because of their iron content).
 Low ductility or malleability i.e. low plasticity,
 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

 A composite material is a combination of two materials with different physical

and chemical properties. When combined they produce a material that is specific
to a certain work, for instance, to become stronger, lighter, or resistant to
electricity and also improve strength and stiffness.
 The components maintain their identity within the composite, i.e. they do not
dissolve or completely merge into one another, though they act in concert.
 PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
 The tensile strength of composite materials is 4-6 times higher than conventional
materials such as steel, aluminum, etc.
 They have better torsion and stiffness properties.
 It has a high fatigue endurance limit (ultimate tensile strength of up to 60%).
 They are 30–45% lighter than aluminum structures designed for the same
functional requirements.
 Also has low embedded energy.
 Composites make less noise during operation and provide less vibration.
 Composite materials are additional versatile.
TYPES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS:
 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs):
It consists of polymer resin within the type of a matrix, the variety and the greatest
amount is being used.
Glass fibre-reinforced polymer composites (GFRP) are the largest amount of
produced carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites (CFRP).
 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs):
Reinforcement can improve strength, abrasion resistance, creep resistance, thermal
conductivity and dimensional stability of composite composites.
Metal matrix composites are additional resistance to extreme working temperatures, non-
flammability, and corrosion of organic fluids.
 Ceramics Metal Composites (CMCs):
For use in high temperature and severe stress applications, e.g. automobile and aircraft
gas turbine engines.
It has high strength, very high service temperature & Low weight.
APPLICATION OF COMPOSITE
MATERIALS:
 Road Bridge:
The fibre-line bridge was designed by the Danish engineering firm, Ramboll utilizing prevailing profiles.
The 40-meter (131-ft) long, 3-meter (9.8-ft) wide crossings of pedestrians, bicycles and motorbikes that run on an
already dangerous set of rail tracks.
 Materials for Highways:
Use of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) straight and draped tendons for pre-stressing 31.2-meter span girders.
Use of CFRP stirrups for shear reinforcement’s two main girders.
Use a glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcement for the bridge curb.
 FRP doors and window frames:
Doors made of FRP skins are sandwiched with core materials such as flexible polyurethane foam, expanded
polystyrene, paper honeycomb.
Jute/coir felt and many others might have potential use in residential buildings, offices, schools, hospitals,
laboratories and many others.
 PROS AND CONS:
 PROS:
 They are light in weight and have low density.
 It has high creep resistance.
 Strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight are greater than in steel or aluminum.
 Fatigue properties are higher than normal engineering metals.
 Composites cannot corrode like steel.

 CONS:
 It has an excessive price for raw materials and manufacture.
 Composites are extra brittle than wrought metals, thus they get additionally damaged.
 The transverse properties are also weak.
 The matrix is weak, so there is very little toughness.
 Reuse and disposal of composite material will be difficult.