METHODS OF SEWAGE

DISPOSAL IN LARGE
CAMPUSES
Group F

Submitted by:-
•Ayushi Gupta
•Namrata Patel
•Sagar Raut
•Sukanya Bailmare
•Surbhi Bhaktawarti
 Sewage:
• Sewage is a water-carried waste, in solution or
suspension, that is intended to be removed from
a community.
• Also known as waste water, it is more than 99%
water and is characterized by volume or rate of
flow, physical condition, chemical constituents
and the bacteriological organisms that it
contains.
• Classes of sewage include sanitary, commercial,
industrial, agricultural and surface runoff. 
Untreated sewage
disposal
Sewage disposal:
• Sewage disposal is the process in which sewage is transported
through cities and inhabited areas to sewage treatment plants, where
it is then treated to remove contaminants to produce environmentally-
safe waste.
Sewage treatment:

• Sewage treatment is the process of removing

contaminants from wastewater, including
household sewage and runoff (effluents). It includes
physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove
physical, chemical and biological contaminants.
• Sewage is treated to control water pollution before
discharge to surface water.
• There are many methods used for the treatment of
waste water which are described in further slides.
• Dewats method
• Root zone method
• Oxidation pond method, etc.
DEWATS | Decentralized Wastewater Treatment

• DEWATS stands for “Decentralized

Wastewater Treatment Systems”.
• It represents a technical approach rather
than merely a technology package.
• Its applications are designed to be low-
maintenance: most important parts of the
system work without technical energy
inputs and cannot be switched off
intentionally.
• Its applications provide state-of-the-art
technology at affordable prices because all
of the materials used for construction are
locally available.
Applications:
•Its applications provide treatment for both domestic
and industrial sources
•Systems can be designed to handle organic wastewater
flows from 1-1000 m3 per day.
•Systems are built to be reliable, long lasting and
tolerant towards fluctuations in loads
•Its applications do not require sophisticated
maintenance
DEWATS applications are designed with four basic
technical treatment modules which are combined and
configured to provide a custom solution for a given
sanitation/wastewater challenge:-
• Primary treatment: sedimentation and floatation
•Secondary anaerobic treatment in fixed-bed reactors:
baffled upstream reactors or anaerobic filters.
• Tertiary aerobic treatment in sub-surface flow filters.
• Tertiary aerobic treatment in polishing ponds.
DEWATS applications are designed and dimensioned in
such a way that treated water meets requirements
stipulated in environmental laws and regulations.
Main DEWATS modules for physical and biological
wastewater treatment:
1. Settler 2. Anaerobic Baffled Reactor 3. Anaerobic Filter 4.
Planted Gravel Filter
Benefits:
• Apartments can opt for DEWATS
• Minimum space requirement- does not eat up precious Can be
accommodated underground- below paved pathways/parking lots
or even under service building etc.
• No need for skilled maintenance.
• Minimum operation costs.
• Civic responsibility to prevent soil and ground water
contamination.
• Housing colonies/ Townships
• Can be decentralized thereby reducing plumbing and pumping
costs.
• Possibility of safe reuse of water for gardening open spaces.
• Can be integrated as part of the landscape.
• Low energy & operation costs.
• Civic responsibility.
EXAMPLE OF DEWAT
 Sewage and
Sullage Individual
Settler
From house

Cluster Level
Subsurface
drainage Baffled
Reactor

Community
garden

DEWATS for Chitrakutir

Kalagram,
Maharashtra
Advantages of DEWATS technology:

•Provides treatment for domestic and industrial wastewater.

• Low initial investment costs as no imported materials or components are needed.
• Efficient treatment for daily wastewater flows of up to 1000m3
•Modular design of all components.
•Tolerant towards inflow fluctuations.
•Reliable and long-lasting construction design.
• Low maintenance costs.
• Establishment of multi-stakeholder networks to combat water pollution
• Increases implementation capacity on various levels
• Provides treatment for both, domestic and industrial wastewater at affordable
price
• Fulfillment of discharge standards and compliance with environmental laws
• Wastewater pollution reduction by up to 90% from pre-DEWATS levels.
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER BY THE ROOT-
ZONE METHOD
• “Phytoremediation” is the name given to a set of technologies / methods
based on various mechanisms associated with root-zone of different plants.
This system leads to de different plants. This system leads to different
contamination, destruction, containment of pollutants.
• Root Zone Treatment System are planted filter-beds consisting of
sand/gravel/soil. The Root Zone Treatment System uses a natural way to
effectively treat domestic & industrial effluents.
• Application of Root-zone treatment system for waste water in Automobile
Wash and Sewage Treatment.
• Also known as Root-zone system or Bio-Filter or Reed Bed System or
Constructed wetland system or Treatment or wetland system or Phyto technology
or Phytoremediation system(any of these terms may be used in this report).
RZTS are well known in temperate climates .
What is root zone treatment system (RZTS)?

•The term 'Root Zone' encompasses the life interactions

of various species of bacteria, the roots of reed plants,
soil, sun and water.
• They are also known as constructed wetlands or sub-
surface flow systems. In this system, these plants conduct
oxygen through their stems into their root systems and
create favorable conditions for the growth of bacteria.
•The wastewater flow through the root zone in a
horizontal or vertical way where the organic pollutants
are decomposed biochemically by the bacteria present in
the rhizosphere of root plants.
•The filter media are selected carefully to provide VIEW OF ROOT-
favorable conditions for both plants & bacterial growth ZONE CHANNEL
and to avoid clogging.
•Organic pollutants are removed drastically from
wastewater and are reduced to their elemental forms.
 Applications:
• Best recommended For Septic tank outlet
treatment.
• Treatment of polluted streams, nallas, rivulets
and water-bodies ( floating beds may be
recommended).
• Bathroom water recycling.
• In combination with specific / simple
pretreatments,it can be used as polishing
treatment for any waste water. Eg – Brewery,
(1) Sugar factories, etc.

CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green

Business Centre, Hyderabad,
India

Laundry & bathroom waste

water treatment
Mechanism of Treatment Mechanism of Treatment
1. Extraction of contaminants from soil or groundwater.
2. Degradation of contaminants by various biotic or abiotic
processes.
3. Breakdown action carried out Breakdown action carried out
by microorganisms dwelling microorganisms dwelling at the
root zone degrade / breakdown pollutants.
4. Filtration process / biofilm formed at surface of pebble /
gravel / coarse sand bed.
5. Processes like adsorption / absorption in soil strata or their
combination.
6. Vertical and horizontal flow patterns & another possible
mechanism for contaminant degradation is metabolism within
the plant within the plant.
VIEW OF ROOT
CHANNELS
Advantages :

1)It achieves standards for tertiary treatment with low cost, such as
no electricity, no chemicals for PH adjustment.
2) Low maintenance cost, since it involves no machinery and its
maintenance.
3)It requires negligible attendance for operation and monitoring.
4)It has no sludge handling problem.
5)It enhances land scape and gives site a green look.
6)It provides natural habitat for birds and after few years gives an
appearance of bird sanctuary.
7)Though it is a sewage treatment plant it doesn’t have odors
problem.
8)It becomes a green Zone and it does not have mosquito problem.
9)Above all it provides eco friendly solution to waste water
treatment “Naturally”.
pecially design
What are Oxidation Ponds ? 

treat
OXIDATION POND:
• These are also called lagoons or stabilization ponds.
• These are large, shallow ponds designed to treat
wastewater
• through the interaction of sunlight, bacteria,
and algae.

gradable industri
• Algae grow using energy from the sun and carbon
dioxide and Types Of Oxidation
• inorganic compounds released by bacteria in water. ponds :
• During the process of photosynthesis, the algae
release oxygen needed by aerobic bacteria. 1. Aerobic Ponds
• Mechanical aerators are sometimes installed to  2.Anaerobic Ponds
supply yet more oxygen, thereby reducing the

ocesses involving
Facultative Ponds
required size of the pond.
• Sludge deposits in the pond must eventually be 3.Maturation or Tertiary
removed by dredging. Algae remaining in the pond Pond
effluent can be removed by filtration or by a
combination of chemical treatment and settling.
• Sewage ponds are very simple to construct.
Requirements:
•  A bulldozer is used to remove soil from the ground and create a basin in which water can collect.  
•However, the pond and surrounding area must be planned in such a way that the human and natural
environments surrounding the pond are not damaged.    
• The first requirement of a sewage pond is that it must be surrounded
by a berm (a mound or wall of earth) or an embankment (a raised
structure to hold back the water, such as that shown in the
photograph at the beginning of this lesson).
•  The berm or embankment prevents storm water from running into
the pond.
•  Without a berm, a heavy storm could cause the sewage pond to
overflow and send untreated sewage out into the surrounding area.  
• The soil in which a pond is built must be impermeable.  This will
prevent the sewage from being absorbed into the ground and from
leaking pollutants into the area.
• A pond must be completely fenced to keep unwanted visitors out.
• the area around the fence must be mowed to keep out vermin which
could dig holes into the sides of the pond.  
• Tree growth must be restricted near the pond since roots could enter
the pond and provide a way for sewage to escape if the trees died.  
•Sewage ponds must be encircled by a windbreak, which usually consists
of a row of pine trees.
• The windbreak will prevent the pond's odors from disturbing the nearby
residents and will also make the area aesthetically pleasing.  
•The depth of the pond is another important factor.
•The pond must be greater than two feet deep at all parts to exclude plant
growth.
•Plants growing at the edge of a pond will create areas of still water in
which mosquitoes will lay their eggs.  But at depths of over six feet,
anaerobic conditions occur, so regulations stipulate that the depth of a
sewage pond can be no more than 5 feet.  
 
Advantages
• This is a cost-effective technology.

Disadvantages
• The disadvantage of the biomechanical systems is their dependence on
climate and weather conditions.
• At low temperatures, as in winter, the natural biodegradation processes
are very slow and the rate of algae growth is limited. In such
circumstances, the efficiency of the treatment decreases.
• In summer, though, the systems respond with high rates of algal growth,
which can result in a measurable COD concentration in the outflow.
• Oxidation, stabilization and biomechanical pond technologies are land-
intensive technologies.
•The raw sewage stabilization pond, is a
primary treatment pond.  After water has
been treated in a raw sewage stabilization
pond or in some other type of primary
treatment facility, the water can move on to
an oxidation pond, which is a type of
secondary treatment.  Finally, a polishing
pond is a type of tertiary treatment.  

•Water from the stabilization pond or from

primary settling tanks of a treatment plant
flows into the oxidation pond .  In this
pond, additional settling of solids and
biological treatment of organic matter in the
water occurs.  Some of the fecal coliform in
the water is also removed.
The oxidation pond is very similar in design
to the stabilization pond.  
Types of Ponds by Processes
Aerobic Ponds and Aerated Ponds
•An aerobic pond is a pond in which oxygen is present throughout the pond. All biological
activity in the pond is aerobic decomposition.  
•This type of pond is not widely used because, without some type of aeration, the lower
portions of a pond tend to lack oxygen and to host anaerobic bacteria, as shown in the
picture below.
•This is why the mud on the bottom of a pond smells like sulphur when it is stirred up.
•A pond would have to be very shallow in order to host only aerobic decomposition without
any aeration.   
•One way of maintaining aerobic processes throughout the pond
is to add oxygen to the water using mechanical or diffused air
systems.
•Ponds which add oxygen to the water in this way are known
as aerated ponds .
•Aerated ponds allow the depth of the pond and/or the
acceptable loading levels to be increased.  
•The mechanical or diffused aeration systems can be used to
supplement natural oxygen production or to replace it.  
Facultative Pond
•Like a facultative bacteria, a facultative pond can carry out both aerobic and anaerobic processes based on
the presence or absence of oxygen.
•This is the most common type of pond.  
•Oxygen is present in the upper portions of the pond, so aerobic processes occur here &there is no oxygen
present in the lower levels of the pond, so the processes here are anaerobic or anoxic (lacking sufficient
oxygen.)
•The facultative pond must have a balance between photosynthesis and aerobic decomposition.
•Oxygen is added to the water in two ways.
•The wind and the surface area prompt oxygen to diffuse
into the water from the air.
•Algae also produce oxygen during photosynthesis when
the sun is present.  
•The oxygen is then used up by bacteria in the aerobic
portion of the pond. These bacteria use oxygen to break
down organic matter suspended in the water.  In turn, the
bacteria produce the carbon dioxide which the algae use in
photosynthesis.  
Some of the solids settle to the bottom of the pond.
These solids are broken down by anaerobic bacteria which
produce methane or hydrogen sulfide.
Anaerobic Pond
The final type of pond is the anaerobic pond .  No oxygen is present in this type of
pond, so all biological activity within an anaerobic pond is anaerobic decomposition.
 Wastewater is not usually treated in anaerobic ponds, but these ponds are used to
treat high strength industrial wastes.
 
Thank you