Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

CLASSROOM RULES

Mobile phones shall be

in silent mode.

10 minutes break every

after 1 hr discussion.
Sleepy student may stand
or perform stretching at the
back of the class

Student’s questions will be

raise during or after each
delivery of the lesson subtopic
Students are allowed to
by raising their hand.
use the rest room anytime

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 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

In case of emergency, students will follow In case of fire, do not panic and
the escape routes as prescribed by the move outside
evacuation plans using the 2 doors

In case of earthquake, do not panic, do the

duck-hold and cover technique. Find your way Safety Briefing to prevent sexual
calmly and stay at the designated area for harassment
students

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 REFERENCE

 AFP MANUAL ON DRILLS

AND CEREMONIES 2003

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 SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
 BACKGROUND
 DRILL COMMAND
 SOLDIER AT ATTENTION W/O ARMS
 STEPS AND MARCHING
 SOLDIER AT ATTENTION WITH ARMS
 SWORD DRILLS
 FORMATIONS
 PARADE AND REVIEW

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 BACKGROUND

“Troops who march in

The AFP prescribes its own drill regulations with an irregular and
the end goal of cultivating to the full alertness and disorderly manner are
the presence of mind of each military personnel always in great danger
not only during drills but at all times. These of being defeated.” –
attributes of character are essential to the Vegetius: De Re
members of the AFP. Militari: A.D. 378

Drills consist of certain movements by which

the squad, platoon, company or battalion is moved
in an orderly manner from one formation to
another. These movements are executed with
smartness, order and precision. Each individual in
the squad, platoon or company does his part
exactly as how he is supposed to perform.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 BACKGROUND
The primary purpose of drill is to teach a precise and orderly way of
doing things. As drills increase skill and coordination, they accustom
a soldier to respond to commands. Drills also promote teamwork. It is
important for a soldier to know and understand a drill, otherwise, its
value is lost. It must be remembered that a drill is conducted with
precision. Hence, perfection is the only accepted standard. Drill
periods are frequent and of short duration.

Finally, everyone gets a certain amount of pleasure from doing

anything well in joint effort with others. A military ceremony provides
the same reaction. After every successful ceremony, every soldier-
participant can proudly claim: “I was there”.

As soldiers begin to master the art of drills, instructors try to create a

spirit of competition among individuals and between units. Although
repetition is necessary when teaching drills, instructors must use
competitive drill exercises to ensure that drills do not become boring
or monotonous.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 DRILL COMMAND
“The spirit of discipline, as distinct from its
outward and visible guises, is the result of
association with martial traditions and their
living embodiment.” – B.H. Liddell Hart,
Thoughts on War, 1944

An oral order of a commander or leader. The precision of a movement

is affected by the manner in which the command is given.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 DRILL COMMAND
The following rules for giving commands apply to
the commander when the unit drills as a separate unit
and not as a part of a larger formation.

1. When at halt, the commander faces the troops

when giving commands. On commands that set the unit
in motion (marching from one point to another), the
commander moves simultaneously with the unit to
maintain correct position within the formation.

2. When marching, the commander turns his head

toward the direction of the troops to give commands.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 DRILL COMMAND

3. When elements drill as a part of a larger unit, the

rules of supplementary commands apply.

4. The commander gives the command

MANUMBALIK (AS YOU WERE) to revoke a
preparatory command that he has given. The
command MANUMBALIK be given prior to the
command of execution. The commander cannot
cancel the command of execution with MANUMBALIK.
If an improper command is not revoked, the personnel
execute the movement in the best manner possible.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 DRILL COMMAND
TWO PART OF COMMAND
Preparatory Command
Command of Execution
The preparatory command states the movement to be carried out and
mentally prepares the soldier for its execution. In the command PASULONG
KAD, the preparatory command is PASULONG.
The command of execution tells when the movement is to be carried
out. In PASULONG KAD, the command of execution is KAD.

To change the direction of a unit when marching, the preparatory command

and the command of execution for each movement are given so they begin and
end in the direction of the turn. KANANG PANIG, KAD (RIGHT FLANK) is given
as the right foot strikes the marching surface, and KALIWANG PANIG, KAD
(LEFT FLANK) as the left foot strikes the marching surface. The interval
between the preparatory command and the command of execution is normally
one step or count.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 DRILL COMMAND
The AFP commands are derived from English and subsequently translated to
Filipino. This attempt to localize the English version has brought about varied
interpretations as to the preciseness of the terms being used. In the
command of execution, for example, the words RAP, NA, KAD, TA and others
are often misused/interchanged. The commander also opts to use what he
thinks is appropriate.

To provide for uniformity, simplicity and preciseness and to suit

the Filipino commands in terms of voice control, distinctiveness, inflections
and cadence, the following guidelines are set forth.

In general, the word NA is used to signal the command of

execution except for the following:
TA – (abbreviated SANDATA) manual of arms for rifles and pistols
except for KALIS and TALIBONG, which fall under general rule.
KAD – (abbreviated LAKAD) from at rest to motion and all
subsequent commands in motion, e.g.: PASULONG, KAD.
TO – (abbreviated HINTO) from motion to rest.
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 DRILL COMMAND

RAP – (abbreviated HARAP) in HANDA HARAP as

literal translation of READY FRONT. They are also to be used in
the commands left face, right face and about face.
DA – (abbreviated HUMANDA) for attention.
NGA – (abbreviated PAHINGA) in TIKAS PAHINGA or
PARADE REST.

TYPES OF COMMANDS

Combined Commands
Supplementary Commands
Mass Commands
Directives

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 DRILL COMMAND
COMBINED COMMANDS

In some commands, the preparatory command and the command

of execution are combined, for example, HUMANAY (FALL IN),
PALUWAG (AT EASE), LUMANSAG (DISMISS). The commands
are given without inflection and at a uniform high pitch and
loudness comparable to that of a normal command of execution.

SUPPLEMENTARY COMMANDS

Supplementary commands are oral orders given by a

subordinate leader to reinforce and complement a commander’s
orders. They ensure proper understanding and execution of a
movement. They extend to the lowest subordinate leader
exercising control over an element for he commands as a
separate element within the same formation.
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 DRILL COMMAND

MASS COMMANDS

Mass commands may be used to develop confidence and

promote enthusiasm. (They are definitely effective in
developing a command voice when instructing a leadership
course.)

When the commander wants the unit to use mass commands,

he commands SA AKING PAG-UTOS (AT MY COMMAND). The
commander gives preparatory command describing the
movement to be performed. For example, face the platoon to
the right. The command of execution is RAP (COMMAND).
When the commander orders HARAP SA KANAN, RAP
(COMMAND), all personnel in the unit execute the command
HARAP SA KANAN (RIGHT FACE) in unison.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 DRILL COMMAND
DIRECTIVES
Directives are described as all oral orders given by the commander that
direct or cause subordinate leader to take actions.
The commander gives directives rather than commands when it is more
appropriate for subordinate elements to execute a movement or perform a
task as independent elements of the same formation.
Directives are given in sentence form and are normally prefixed by the
terms “IBUKA ANG TALUDTOD AT ITUNGKOD ANG SANDATA”. Example:
“ITANGHAL ANG SANDATA”.
“PAMUNUAN ANG INYONG PANGKAT O TILAP, PULUTONG,
BALANGAY” is the only directive with which a commander relinquishes his
command and with which salutes are exchanged.
A subordinate commander, upon receiving a directive, will resort to the
normal two-part command.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 DRILL COMMAND
THE COMMAND VOICE
Everyone in the unit will easily understand a correctly delivered command.
Correct commands have a tone, cadence, and snap that demands willing,
correct, and immediate response.

VOICE CONTROL
The loudness of a command is adjusted to the number of soldiers in the unit.
Normally, the commander is in the front and at the center of the unit and
speaks facing the unit so that his voice reaches everyone.

DISTINCTIVENESS
Distinctiveness depends on the correct use of the tongue, lips and teeth
that form the separate sounds of a word into syllables. Distinct commands are
effective. Indistinct commands cause confusion. All commands can be
pronounced correctly without loss of effect. Emphasize correct enunciation
(distinctiveness) and enunciate clearly making full use of the lips, tongue and
lower jaw.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 SOLDIER AT ATTENTION W/O ARMS

CADENCE

Cadence in commands means a uniform and rhythmic flow of words

INFLECTION

Inflection is the rise and fall in pitch and the tone changes of voice.

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 SOLDIER AT ATTENTION W/O ARMS

POSITION OF ATTENTION REST POSITION AT THE HALT

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 SOLDIER AT ATTENTION W/O ARMS
The command for this movement is PALUWAG. On
AT EASE the command PALUWAG, the soldier may move,
however, he must remain standing and silent with
his right foot in place. PAHINGA may be executed
from this position. Rest
The command for this movement is PAHINGA.
On the command PAHINGA, the soldier may move
or talk, keeping his right foot in place, unless
otherwise directed. At ease may be executed from
this position.
Fall Out
At the command TIWALAG, you may leave
the ranks but you are required to remain in the
immediate area. You resume your former place at
attention in ranks at the command HUMANAY.
Dismiss
At the command LUMANSAG, the troops shall
execute about face and leave the immediate vicinity,
unless instructed otherwise.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
 SOLDIER AT ATTENTION W/O ARMS
FACING AT THE HALT HAND SALUTE

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 STEPS AND MARCHING
All marching movements executed from the halt are initiated from the
position of Attention.

Except for route step march and at ease march, all movements are
executed while marching at attention. Marching at attention is the
combination of the position of Attention and the procedures for the
prescribed step executed simultaneously.
When executed from the halt, all steps except right step begin with the
left foot.

For short-distance marching movements, the commander may designate

the number of steps forward, backward, or sideward by giving the
appropriate command: ISANG HAKBANG PAKANAN, KAD or DALAWANG
HAKBANG PASULONG (PAURONG), KAD. On the command of execution
KAD, step off with the appropriate foot, and halt automatically after
completing the number of steps designated. Unless otherwise specified,
when directed to execute steps forward, the steps will be 30-inch steps.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 STEPS AND MARCHING

All marching movements are executed in the cadence of quick time (120
steps per minute), except the 36-inch step, which may be executed in the
cadence of 180 steps per minute on the command TAKBONG HAKBANG,
KAD.

A step is the prescribed distance measured from heel to heel of a marching

soldier.

All 15-inch steps are executed for a short distance only.

Both the preparatory command and the command of execution are given as
the foot in the direction of the turn strikes the ground. Normally, for a unit
not larger than a squad or platoon, the preparatory command is given as
your left (or right) foot strikes the ground and the command of execution is
given when your left (or right) foot next strikes the ground. For units larger
than a platoon, time is allowed for the unit leaders to repeat the preparatory
command.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 STEPS AND MARCHING
THE 30-INCH STEP (QUICK TIME)
To march with a 30-inch step from the halt, the command is PASULONG, KAD.

CHANGE STEP

To change step while marching, the command PALIT HAKBANG, KAD is

given as the right foot strikes the marching surface.

At Ease March

The command PALUWAG, KAD is given as either foot strikes the

marching surface. On the command of execution KAD, the soldier is no
longer required to retain cadence; however, silence and the approximate
interval and distance are maintained.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 STEPS AND MARCHING

HALF STEP MARCH (15-Inch Step)

To march with a 15-inch step from the halt, the command is HATING
HAKBANG, KAD.

MARCHING IN PLACE

To march in place, the command PATAKDA, KAD is given as either foot

strikes the marching surface and only while marching with a 30-inch step
forward.

To resume marching with a 30-inch step, the command PASULONG, KAD

is given as either foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of
execution KAD, take one more step in place and then step off with a 30-
inch step.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 STEPS AND MARCHING

SIDE STEP (RIGHT/LEFT)

To march with a 15-inch step right (left), the command is HAKBANG

PAKANAN (PAKALIWA), KAD. The command is given only while at the
halt.
BACKWARD MARCH

To march with a 15-inch step backward, the command is PAURONG,

KAD. The command is given only while at halt.

DOUBLE TIME MARCH

To march in the cadence of 180 steps per minute with a

30-inch step, the command is TAKBONG HAKBANG,
KAD. It may be commanded while at the halt or while
marching at quick time with a 30-inch step.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 STEPS AND MARCHING

STAFF BEHIND THE COMMANDER

To make a staff move to the rear of a

commander, the command is
KALUPUNAN, SUMALIKOD KO, KAD.
The movement is executed in 9
counts for 2 or 3 men staff, 11 for 4
men staff, 13 for 5 man staff, and 15
for 6 men staff.

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SOLDIER AT ATTENTION WITH ARM

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SOLDIER AT ATTENTION WITH ARM

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SWORD DRILLS
THE SWORD

PICTURE OF AN ACTUAL SWORD

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 SWORD DRILLS

Present sword

Order Sword Carry Sword

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 SWORD DRILLS

TIKAS PAHINGA
RETURN SWORD

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FORMATIONS

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 PARADE AND REVIEW

PARADE AND REVIEW

Parade: A parade is a military ceremony wherein a body of troops is formed
before its Commanding Officer or other high-ranking officer for the display of
its condition, members, equipment and proficiency. It includes exercise in the
manual of arms, the report on the members of the various unit present or
accounted for, the publication of orders, etc. and ends with a pass in review.

Review: A review is an inspection of troops by a high officer or honored guest

as a way of showing its unit strength, state of discipline and preparedness.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 PARADE AND REVIEW

The Review is a part of the Drills and Ceremonies and it is often

mistaken to be the same as parades. Basically, review has the
following purpose:

Honor a visiting high-ranking commander, officials, or

dignitary and/or permit them to observe the state of training of
a unit.

Present decorations and awards.

Honor or recognize unit or individual achievements.

Commemorate events.

While features are similar, these are two distinct ceremonies although the
combination of the two is normally practiced.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 PARADE AND REVIEW
Distinctive Features. The preparation and organization of troops for a parade
is similar to those for a review. However, in a parade, since the commander is
also the reviewing officer, the distance between the troops and the
commander is greater than that for a review. Other features are: the band
conducts sound off; the inspection is omitted; reports are rendered; orders
are publish; and the officers and guidons are marched forward and centered
on the commander. If retreat is schedule, it is conducted in a lieu of Honors
to the Nations. This means that the Retreat is already the HONORS TO THE
NATION.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

 PARADE AND REVIEW
Battalion Formation with Companies in Line
Note: Arrow points from the last element to the guide of the next platoon

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.

Honor. Patriotism. Duty.