Challenger EU Tractor DANA 770-624 MT645D-MT685D Maintenance & Repair Manual

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Challenger EU Tractor DANA 770-624 MT645D-MT685D Maintenance & Repair Manual

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In 1868 a revolution occurred in Spain
itself, and Queen Isabella, one of the worst
rulers that sorely accursed country ever
had, was driven into exile. Cuba had not
forgotten the lesson of the opening of the
century, and, instead of proclaiming her
loyalty to the deposed dynasty, she seized
what promised to be a favorable
opportunity for gaining her own
GENERAL CALIXTO GARCIA.
independence. Hero of three wars for Cuba's freedom.
Died of pneumonia in Washington,
One of the fairest and most impartial D.C., December, 1898.
publications anywhere is the Edinburgh
Review, which used the following language in giving the reasons for the
Cuban revolt of 1868:
"Spain governs the island of Cuba with an iron and blood-stained hand. The
former holds the latter deprived of political, civil, and religious liberties.
Hence the unfortunate Cubans being illegally prosecuted and sent into exile,
or executed by military commissions, in times of peace; hence their being
kept from public meetings, and forbidden to speak or write on affairs of
State; hence their remonstrances against the evils that afflicted them being
looked upon as the proceedings of rebels, from the fact that they are obliged
to keep silence and obey; hence the never-ending plague of hungry officials
from Spain to devour the product of their industry and labor; hence their
exclusion from the art of government; hence the restrictions to which public
instruction with them is subjected in order to keep them so ignorant as not
to be able to know and enforce their rights in any shape or form whatever;
hence the navy and the standing army, which are kept in their country at an
enormous expenditure from their own wealth to make them bend their knees
and submit their necks to the iron yoke that disgraces them; hence the
grinding taxation under which they labor, and which would make all perish in
misery but for the marvelous fertility of their soil."
The opportunity was a golden one for Spain to win back the affection of
Cuba by generosity and justice. What steps did she take to do so?
Although the Cubans were ground to the very dust by taxation, levied in all
cases by Spaniards, and not by their own officials, Spain proposed, in 1868,
to add to the burden. In October of that year Carlos M. de Cespedes, a
lawyer of Bayamo, raised the standard of revolt, placed himself at the head
of a handful of patriots, which were soon joined by thousands, and in April,
1869, a republican constitution was adopted, slavery declared abolished,
Cespedes was elected president, Francisco Aguilero vice-president, and a
legislature was called together.
There never was hope of this insurrection securing the independence of
Cuba. The patriots were too few in number, too badly armed and equipped,
and not handled so as to be effective. But they caused great suffering and
ruin throughout the island. They instituted a guerrilla system of warfare, and
cost Spain many valuable lives. The wet and rainy seasons came and went,
and still the savage fighting continued, until at last the rebels as well as the
Spaniards were ready to welcome peace.
Martinez Campos was the Spanish commander, and he promised General
Maximo Gomez, leader of the insurgents, that the reforms for which he and
his comrades were contending should be granted on condition that they laid
down their arms. The pledge was a sacred one, and no doubt Campos meant
honestly to keep it. Unfortunately, however, there were higher powers than
he behind him. Gomez accepted the promises of a brother soldier, and on
February 10, 1878, the treaty of El Zanjon was signed.
This treaty guaranteed representation to the Cubans in the Spanish Cortes,
and all who took part in the insurrection were pardoned.
Now the lesson of all this was so plain that the wayfaring man, though a fool,
had no excuse for erring. Spain had bitterly learned the temper of the
Cubans. She could not fail to see that but one possible way existed for her to
retain control of them, and, of course, that was the very way she avoided.
The Madrid authorities thought they did a wise thing when they secured
control of the polls, and made sure that the delegates elected were their
own. Schools, sewerage, roads, everything that could help the island were
neglected and taxation increased. The reforms promised to the insurgents
upon condition of laying down their arms proved a delusion and a snare.
Thus the "captain-general" had his name changed to "governor-general," but
his tyrannical powers remained the same as before. The right of banishment
was formally repealed, but the outrages continued under another law that
was equally effective, and so on to the end of the chapter. Once again the
Cubans had been fooled by trusting to Spanish honor. They resolved that as
soon as arrangements could be effected, they would set another insurrection
on foot, which would be fought out to the death or until independence was
secured.
Several important ends were
accomplished by the Ten Years' War.
Slavery was abolished in 1886, and the
island was divided into the present six
provinces. As in previous instances the
United States was counted upon for the
greatest material assistance in
prosecuting the revolution. The spirit of
adventure is always strong among GENERAL MAXIMO GOMEZ.
Americans, and the filibustering The Washington of Cuba is the title applied
enterprises appealed strongly to them. to this hero, who, as
Commander-in-Chief of the patriot army,
The spice of danger by which they were made Cuban liberty possible.
attended was their chief attraction. Our
government was bound by treaty to prevent them, so far as she could, and it
went to great expense in doing so. A number of expeditions were unable to
get away from New York, but others escaped the vigilance of officials, and
landed guns, ammunition, and men at different points on the island. One of
the greatest helps in this unlawful business was the dishonesty of the
officials employed by Spain to prevent the landing of supplies and men.
There was never any difficulty in bribing these officers, who stumbled over
one another in their eagerness to be bribed.
THE LAST CUBAN REVOLUTION LAUNCHED.
Meanwhile, the leaders in the former late revolt were consulting upon the
best steps to launch the new revolution. Maximo Gomez was living in San
Domingo, and, when he was offered the command of the revolutionary
forces, he promptly accepted the responsibility. The offer came to him
through José Marti, the head of the organization.
The grim veterans were resolute in their purpose. After studying the
situation, they agreed that a general uprising should be set on foot in all the
provinces on February 24, 1895. It was impossible to do this, but the
standard of revolt was raised on the date named in three of the provinces.
One Spanish official read truly the meaning of the signs. He was Calleja, the
captain-general. Though the revolt in the province of Santiago de Cuba
looked trifling, he knew it was like a tiny blaze kindled in the dry prairie
grass. He wished to act liberally toward the insurgents, but the blind
government at Madrid blocked his every step. Since it had played the fool
from the beginning, it kept up the farce to the end. They ordered Calleja to
stamp out the rebellion, and he did his utmost to obey orders.
Could the royal and insurgent forces be brought to meet in fair combat, the
latter would have been crushed out of existence at the first meeting. But the
insurgent leaders were too shrewd to risk anything of that nature. They
resumed their guerrilla tactics, striking hard blows, here, there, anywhere
that the chance offered, and then fled into the woods and mountains before
the regulars could be brought against them.
Such a style of warfare is always cruel and accompanied by outrages of a
shocking character. The Cubans were as savage in their methods as the
Spaniards. They blew up bridges and railroad trains with dynamite,
regardless of the fact that, in so doing, it was the innocent instead of the
guilty who suffered. They burned the sugar cane, destroyed the tobacco and
coffee plantations, and impoverished the planters in order to shut off the
revenues of Spain and deprive her forces of their needed supplies; they
spread desolation and ruin everywhere, in the vain hope that the mother
country could thus be brought to a realizing sense of the true situation.
But Spain was deaf and blind. She sent thousands of soldiers across the
Atlantic, including the members of the best families in the kingdom, to die in
the pestilential lowlands of Cuba, while trying to stamp out the fires of
revolution that continually grew and spread.
The island was cursed by three political parties, each of which was strenuous
in the maintenance of its views. The dominant party of course was the
loyalists, who held all the offices and opposed any compromise with the
insurgents. They were quite willing to make promises, with no intention of
fulfilling them, but knew the Cubans could no longer be deceived.
The second party was the insurgents, who, as has been shown, had "enlisted
for the war," and were determined not to lay down their arms until
independence was achieved. The autonomists stood between these
extremes, favoring home rule instead of independence, while admitting the
misgovernment of Cuba.
The Spaniards were
determined to prevent the
coming of Antonio Maceo, a
veteran of the Ten Years' War,
possessed of great courage
and resources, who was living
in Costa Rica. They knew he
had been communicated with
and his presence would prove JOSÉ MARTI.
a tower of strength to the President of the Cuban Revolutionary Party.
insurgents. Bodies of Spanish Led into ambush and killed by the Spaniards,
May 19, 1895.
cavalry galloped along the
coasts, on the alert to catch or shoot the rebel leader, while the
officials closely watched all arrivals at the seaports for the feared
rebel.
Despite these precautions, Maceo and twenty-two comrades of the
previous war effected a landing on the eastern end of the island.
They were almost immediately discovered by the Spanish cavalry,
and a fierce fight followed, in which several Cubans were killed.
Maceo fought furiously, seemingly inspired by the knowledge that he
was again striking for the freedom of his country, and he came
within a hair of being killed. He eluded his enemies, however, and,
plunging into the thickets, started for the interior to meet the other
insurgent leaders. The abundance of tropical fruits saved him from
starving, and it was not long before he met with straggling bodies of
his countrymen, who hailed his coming with enthusiasm. Recruits
rapidly gathered around him, and he placed himself at the head of
the ardent patriots.
It was just ten days after the landing of Maceo that Gomez and José
Marti, coming from Santo Domingo, landed on the southern coast of
Cuba. They had a lively time in avoiding the Spanish patrol, but
succeeded in reaching a strong force of insurgents, and Gomez
assumed his duties as commander-in-chief. Recruits were gathered
to the number of several thousand, and Gomez and Marti started for
the central provinces with the purpose of formally establishing the
government. Marti was led astray on the road by a treacherous
guide and killed.
Fully alive to the serious work before him, Captain-General Calleja
called upon Spain for help in quelling the rebellion. She sent 25,000
troops to Cuba and Calleja was relieved by Field-Marshal Campos.
This was a popular move, for it was Campos who brought the Ten
Years' War to a close, and it was generally believed he would repeat
his success.
The first important act of Campos was to divide Cuba into zones, by
means of a number of strongly guarded military lines, extending
north and south across the narrower part of the island. They were
called "trochas," and were expected to offer an impassable check to
the insurgents, who, thus confined within definite limits, could be
crushed or driven into the sea with little difficulty.
The scheme, however, was a
failure. The rebels crossed the
trochas at will, kept up their
guerrilla tactics, picked off the
regulars, destroyed railroad trains,
and went so far as to shoot the
messengers who dared to enter
their camp with proposals for
making peace on other terms than
ANTONIO MACEO. independence.
Lieutenant-General in the Cuban Army.
The Cubans were full of hope.
They had their old leaders with them, men who had led them in
former campaigns and proven their courage and skill. Recruits
flocked to their standards, until it has been estimated that by the
close of the year fully 20,000 insurgents were in the field. With such
strong commands, the leaders were able to attain several important
successes. Considerable bodies of the regulars were defeated with
serious losses, and, in one instance, Campos succeeded in saving
himself and command only by the artillery he happened to have with
him.
Campos had prosecuted the war through civilized methods, and,
therefore, fell into disfavor at home. He was not a representative
Spanish commander, and was now superseded by General Valeriano
Weyler, who arrived in Havana in February, 1896. This man had as
much human feeling in his heart as a wounded tiger. His policy was
extermination. He established two powerful trochas across the
island, but they proved as ineffective as those of Campos. Then he
ordered the planters and their families, who were able to pick up a
wretched living on their places, to move into the nearest towns,
where they would be able to raise no more food for the insurgents.
It mattered not to Weyler that neither could these reconcentrados
raise any food for themselves, and therefore must starve: that was
no concern of his. As he viewed it, starvation was the right method
of ridding Cuba of those who yearned for its freedom.

No pen can picture the horrors that followed. The woeful scenes
sent a shudder throughout the United States, and many good people
demanded that the unspeakable crime should be checked by armed
intervention. To do this meant war with Spain, but we were ready for
that. A Congressional party visited Cuba in March, 1898, and
witnessed the hideous suffering of the Cubans, of whom more than
a hundred thousand had been starved to death, with scores still
perishing daily. In referring to what they saw, Senator Proctor, of
Vermont, said: "I shall refer to these horrible things no further. They
are there. God pity me, I have seen them; they will remain in my
mind forever, and this is almost the twentieth century. Christ died
nineteen hundred years ago, and Spain is a Christian nation. She has
set up more crosses in more lands, beneath more skies, and under
them has butchered more people than all the other nations of the
earth combined. God grant that before another Christmas morning
the last vestige of Spanish tyranny and oppression will have
vanished from the western hemisphere."
The ferocious measures of Weyler brought so indignant a protest
from our country that he was recalled, and his place taken by
General Ramon Blanco, who reached Havana in the autumn of 1897.
Under him the indecisive fighting went on much as before, with no
important advantage gained by either side. Friends of Cuba made
appeals in Congress for the granting of belligerent rights to the
insurgents, but strict international law demanded that their
government should gain a more tangible form and existence before
such rights could be conceded.
Matters were in this state of extreme tension when the blowing-up
of the Maine occurred. While riding quietly at anchor in the harbor of
Havana, on the night of February 15, 1898, she was utterly
destroyed by a terrific explosion, which killed 266 officers and men.
The news thrilled the land with horror and rage, for it was taken at
once for granted that the appalling crime had been committed by
Spaniards, but the absolute proof remained to be brought forward,
and the Americans, with their proverbial love of justice and fair-play,
waited for such proof.
Competent men were selected for the investigation, and they spent
three weeks in making it. They reported that it had been established
beyond question that the Maine was destroyed by an outside
explosion, or submarine mine, though they were unable to
determine who was directly responsible for the act.
The insistence of Spain, of course, was that the explosion was
accidental and resulted from carelessness on the part of Captain
Sigsbee and his crew; but it may be doubted whether any of the
Spanish officials in Havana ever really held such a belief. While Spain
herself was not directly responsible for the destruction of the
warship and those who went down in her, it was some of her officials
who destroyed her. The displacement of the ferocious Weyler had
incensed a good many of his friends, some of whom most likely
expressed their views in this manner, which, happily for the credit of
humanity, is exceedingly rare in the history of nations.

PRESIDENT MCKINLEY AND THE WAR CABINET

PRESIDENT MCKINLEY. LYMAN J. GAGE, Sec'y of the Treasury. JOHN W.
GRIGGS, Attorney General. JOHN D. LONG, Sec'y of the Navy. WM. R. DAY, Sec'y
of State. JAS. WILSON, Sec'y of Agriculture. RUSSELL A. ALGER, Sec'y of War.
C.N. BLISS, Sec'y of the Interior. CHAS. EMORY SMITH, Postmaster General.

The momentous events that followed are given in the succeeding

chapters.
 CHAPTER XXV.
ADMINISTRATION OF McKINLEY (CONTINUED),
1897-1901.

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

Opening Incidents—Bombardment of Matanzas—Dewey's Wonderful Victory at Manila—

Disaster to the Winslow at Cardenas Bay—The First American Loss of Life—Bombardment
of San Juan, Porto Rico—The Elusive Spanish Fleet—Bottled-up in Santiago Harbor—
Lieutenant Hobson's Daring Exploit—Second Bombardment of Santiago and Arrival of the
Army—Gallant Work of the Rough Riders and the Regulars—Battles of San Juan and El
Caney—Destruction of Cervera's Fleet—General Shafter Reinforced in Front of Santiago—
Surrender of the City—General Miles in Porto Rico—An Easy Conquest—Conquest of the
Philippines—Peace Negotiations and Signing of the Protocol—Its Terms—Members of the
National Peace Commission—Return of the Troops from Cuba and Porto Rico—The Peace
Commission in Paris—Conclusion of its Work—Terms of the Treaty—Ratified by the
Senate.

"STRIPPING FOR THE FIGHT."

Enough has already been stated to show the real cause of the war
between the United States and Spain. It was, in brief, a war for
humanity, for America could no longer close her ears to the wails of
the dead and dying that lay perishing, as may be said, on her very
doorsteps. It was not a war for conquest or gain, nor was it in
revenge for the awful crime of the destruction of the Maine, though
few nations would have restrained their wrath with such sublime
patience as did our countrymen while the investigation was in
progress. Yet it cannot be denied that this unparalleled outrage
intensified the war fever in the United States, and thousands were
eager for the opportunity to punish Spanish cruelty and treachery.
Congress reflected this spirit when by a unanimous vote it
appropriated $50,000,000 "for the national defense." The War and
Navy Departments hummed with the activity of recruiting, the
preparations of vessels and coast defenses, the purchase of war
material and vessels at home, while agents were sent to Europe to
procure all the war-ships in the market. Unlimited capital was at
their command, and the question of price was never an obstacle.
When hostilities impended the United States was unprepared for
war, but by amazing activity, energy, and skill the preparations were
pushed and completed with a rapidity that approached the
marvelous.
War being inevitable, President McKinley sought to gain time for our
consular representatives to leave Cuba, where the situation daily and
hourly grew more dangerous. Consul Hyatt left Santiago on April 3d,
but Consul-General Lee, always fearless, remained at Havana until
April 10th, with the resolution that no American refugees should be
left behind, where very soon their lives would not be worth an hour's
purchase. Lee landed in Key West April 11th, and on the same day
President McKinley sent his message upon the situation to Congress.
On April 18th the two houses adopted the following:
Whereas, The abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than
three years in the island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have
shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States, have
been a disgrace to Christian civilization, culminating, as they have, in
the destruction of a United States battleship with 266 of its officers
and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of Havana, and
cannot longer be endured, as has been set forth by the President of
the United States in his message to Congress of April 11, 1898, upon
which the action of Congress was invited; therefore,
Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America, in Congress assembled—
First—That the people of the island of Cuba are, and of right ought
to be, free and independent.
Second—That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the
government of the United States does hereby demand, that the
government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government
in the island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from
Cuba and Cuban waters.
Third—That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is,
directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of
the United States, and to call into the actual service of the United
States the militia of the several States, to such extent as may be
necessary to carry these resolutions into effect.
Fourth—That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or
intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said
island, except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its
determination when that is completed to leave the government and
control of the island to its people.

CITY OF HAVANA AND HARBOR, SHOWING WRECK OF THE BATTLESHIP MAINE.

This resolution was signed by the President April 20th, and a copy
served on the Spanish minister, who demanded his passports, and
immediately left Washington. The contents were telegraphed to
United States Minister Woodford at Madrid, with instructions to
officially communicate them to the Spanish government, giving it
until April 23d to answer. The Spanish authorities, however,
anticipated this action by sending the American minister his
passports on the morning of April 21st. This act was of itself
equivalent to a declaration of war.
The making of history now went forward with impressive swiftness.

THE BATTLESHIP "MAINE"

Destroyed in Havana Harbor, February 15, 1898, by which the lives of two
officers and 264 members of the crew were lost. This disaster was popularly
believed to have been the work of Spaniards, and was a potent factor in
hastening the war between Spain and the United States.

On April 22d the United States fleet was

ordered to blockade Havana. On the 24th
Spain declared war, and the United States
Congress followed with a similar declaration
on the 25th. The call for 75,000 volunteer
troops was increased to 125,000 and
subsequently to 200,000. The massing of
men and stores was rapidly begun
throughout the country. Within a month
expeditions were organized for various points ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.
of attack, war-vessels were bought, and
ocean passenger steamers were converted into auxiliary cruisers and
transports. By the first of July about 40,000 soldiers had been sent
to Cuba and the Philippine Islands. The rapidity with which
preparations were made and the victories gained and the progress
shown by the Americans at once astonished and challenged the
admiration of foreign nations, who had regarded America as a
country unprepared for war by land or sea. On April 27th, following
the declaration of war on the 25th, Admiral Sampson, having
previously blockaded the harbor of Havana, was reconnoitering with
three vessels in the vicinity of Matanzas, Cuba, when he discovered
the Spanish forces building earthworks, and ventured so close in his
efforts to investigate the same that a challenge shot was fired from
the fortification, Rubal Cava. Admiral Sampson quickly formed the
New York, Cincinnati, and Puritan into a triangle and opened fire
with their eight-inch guns. The action was very spirited on both sides
for the space of eighteen minutes, at the expiration of which time
the Spanish batteries were silenced and the earthworks destroyed,
without casualty on the American side, though two shells burst
dangerously near the New York. The last shot fired by the Americans
was from one of the Puritan's thirteen-inch guns, which landed with
deadly accuracy in the very centre of Rubal Cava, and, exploding,
completely destroyed the earthworks. This was the first action of the
war, though it could hardly be dignified by the name of a battle.
THE BATTLE OF MANILA.
It was expected that the next engagement would be the
bombardment of Morro Castle, at Havana. But it is the unexpected
that often happens in war. In the Philippine Islands, on the other
side of the world, the first real battle—one of the most remarkable in
history—was next to occur.
On April 25th the following dispatch of eight potent words was
cabled to Commodore Dewey on the coast of China: "Capture or
destroy the Spanish squadron at Manila." "Never," says James
Gordon Bennett, "were instructions more effectively carried out.
Within seven hours after arriving on the scene of action nothing
remained to be done." It was on the 27th that Dewey sailed from
Mirs Bay, China, and on the night of the 30th he lay before the
entrance of the harbor of Manila, seven hundred miles away. Under
the cover of darkness, with all lights extinguished on his ships, he
daringly steamed into this unknown harbor, which he believed to be
strewn with mines, and at daybreak engaged the Spanish fleet.
Commodore Dewey knew it meant everything for him and his fleet
to win or lose this battle. He was in the enemy's country, 7,000 miles
from home. The issue of this battle must mean victory, Spanish
dungeons, or the bottom of the ocean. "Keep cool and obey orders"
was the signal he gave to his fleet, and then came the order to fire.
The Americans had seven ships, the Olympia, Baltimore, Raleigh,
Petrel, Concord, Boston, and the dispatch-boat McCullough. The
Spaniards had eleven, the Reina Christina, Castilla, Don Antonio de
Ulloa, Isla de Luzon, Isla de Cuba, General Lezo, Marquis de Duero,
Cano, Velasco, Isla de Mindanao, and a transport.
From the beginning Commodore Dewey fought on the offensive,
and, after the manner of Nelson and Farragut, concentrated his fire
upon the strongest ships one after another with terrible execution.
The Spanish ships were inferior to his, but there were more of them,
and they were under the protection of the land batteries. The fire of
the Americans was especially noted for its terrific rapidity and the
wonderful accuracy of its aim. The battle lasted for about five hours,
and resulted in the destruction of all the Spanish ships and the
silencing of the land batteries. The Spanish loss in killed and
wounded was estimated to be fully one thousand men, while on the
American side not a ship was even seriously damaged and not a
single man was killed outright, and only six were wounded. More
than a month after the battle, Captain Charles B. Gridley,
Commander of the Olympia, died, though his death was the result of
an accident received in the discharge of his duty during the battle,
and not from a wound. On May 2d Commodore Dewey cut the cable
connecting Manila with Hong Kong, and destroyed the fortifications
at the entrance of Manila Bay, and took possession of the naval
station at Cavite. This was to prevent communication between the
Philippine Islands and the government at Madrid, and necessitated
the sending of Commodore Dewey's official account of the battle by
the dispatch-boat MCCullough to Hong Kong, whence it was cabled
to the United States. After its receipt, May 9th, both Houses adopted
resolutions of congratulation to Commodore Dewey and his officers
and men for their gallantry at Manila, voted an appropriation for
medals for the crew and a fine sword for the gallant Commander,
and also passed a bill authorizing the President to appoint another
rear-admiral, which honor was promptly conferred upon Commodore
Dewey, accompanied by the thanks of the President and of the
nation for the admirable and heroic services rendered his country.

MAP OF CUBA

The Battle of Manila must ever remain a monument to the daring

and courage of Admiral Dewey. However unevenly matched the two
fleets may have been, the world agrees with the eminent foreign
naval critic who declared: "This complete victory was the product of
forethought, cool, well-balanced judgment, discipline, and bravery. It
was a magnificent achievement, and Dewey will go down in history
ranking with John Paul Jones and Lord Nelson as a naval hero."
Admiral Dewey might have taken possession of the city of Manila
immediately. He cabled the United States that he could do so, but
the fact remained that he had not sufficient men to care for his ships
and at the same time effect a successful landing in the town of
Manila. Therefore he chose to remain on his ships, and though the
city was at his mercy, he refrained from a bombardment because he
believed it would lead to a massacre of the Spaniards on the part of
the insurgents surrounding the city, which it would be beyond his
power to stop. This humane manifestation toward the conquered foe
adds to the lustre of the hero's crown, and at the same time places
the seal of greatness upon the brow of the victor. He not only
refrained from bombarding the city, but received and cared for the
wounded Spaniards upon his own vessels. Thus, while he did all that
was required of him without costing his country the life of a single
citizen, he manifested a spirit of humanity and generosity toward the
vanquished foe fully in keeping with the sympathetic spirit which
involved this nation in the war for humanity's sake.
The Battle of Manila further demonstrated that a fleet with heavier
guns is virtually invulnerable in a campaign with a squadron bearing
lighter metal, however gallantly the crew of the latter may fight.
Before the Battle of Manila it was recognized that the government
had serious trouble on its hands. On May 4th President McKinley
nominated ten new Major-Generals, including Thomas H. Wilson,
Fitzhugh Lee, Wm. J. Sewell (who was not commissioned), and
Joseph Wheeler, from private life, and promoted Brigadier-Generals
Breckinridge, Otis, Coppinger, Shafter, Graham, Wade, and Merriam,
from the regular army. The organization and mobilization of troops
was promptly begun and rapidly pushed. Meantime our naval vessels
were actively cruising around the Island of Cuba, expecting the
appearance of the Spanish fleet.

ADMIRAL MONTOJO. THE BATTLE OF MANILA, MAY 1,

1898. ADMIRAL DEWEY.
This illustration is historically correct. It shows the positions of the vessels in
that memorable battle which sounded at once the death knell of Spanish
authority in the East and West Indies.
On May 11th the gunboat Wilmington, revenue-cutter Hudson, and
the torpedo-boat Winslow entered Cardenas Bay, Cuba, to attack the
defenses and three small Spanish gunboats that had taken refuge in
the harbor. The Winslow being of light draft took the lead, and when
within eight hundred yards of the fort was fired upon with disastrous
effect, being struck eighteen times and rendered helpless. For more
than an hour the frail little craft was at the mercy of the enemy's
batteries. The revenue-cutter Hudson quickly answered her signal of
distress by coming to the rescue, and as she was in the act of
drawing the disabled boat away a shell from the enemy burst on the
Winslow's deck, killing three of her crew outright and wounding
many more. Ensign Worth Bagley, of the Winslow, who had recently
entered active service, was one of the killed. He was the first officer
who lost his life in the war. The same shell badly wounded
Lieutenant Bernadon, Commander of the boat. The Hudson, amidst
a rain of fire from the Spanish gunboats and fortifications, succeeded
in towing the Winslow to Key West, where the bodies of the dead
were prepared for burial and the vessel was placed in repair. On May
12th the First Infantry landed near Port Cabanas, Cuba, with
supplies for the insurgents, which they succeeded in delivering after
a skirmish with the Spanish troops. This was the first land
engagement of the war.

CAMP SCENE AT CHICKAMAUGA.

On the same date Admiral Sampson's squadron arrived at San Juan,
Porto Rico, whither it had gone in the expectation of meeting with
Admiral Cervera's fleet, which had sailed westward from the Cape
Verde Islands on April 29th, after Portugal's declaration of neutrality.
The Spanish fleet, however, did not materialize, and Admiral
Sampson, while on the ground, concluded it would be well to draw
the fire of the forts that he might at least judge of their strength and
efficiency, if indeed he should not render them incapable of assisting
the Spanish fleet in the event of its resorting to this port at a later
period. Accordingly, Sampson bombarded the batteries defending
San Juan, inflicting much damage and sustaining a loss of two men
killed and six wounded. The loss of the enemy is not known. The
American war-ships sustained only trivial injuries, but after the
engagement it could be plainly seen that one end of Morro Castle
was in ruins. The Cabras Island fort was silenced and the San Carlos
battery was damaged. No shots were aimed at the city by the
American fleet.
Deeming it unnecessary to wait for the Spanish war-ships in the
vicinity of San Juan, Sampson withdrew his squadron and sailed
westward in the hope of finding Cervera's fleet, which was dodging
about the Caribbean Sea. First it was heard of at the French island,
Martinique, whence after a short stay it sailed westward. Two days
later it halted at the Dutch island, Curaçoa, for coal and supplies.
After leaving this point it was again lost sight of. Then began the
chase of Commodore Schley and Admiral Sampson to catch the
fugitive. Schley, with his flying squadron, sailed from Key West
around the western end of Cuba, and Sampson kept guard over the
Windward and other passages to the east of the island. It was
expected that one or the other of these fleets would encounter the
Spaniard on the open sea, but in this they were mistaken. Cervera
was not making his way to the Mexican shore on the west, as some
said, nor was he seeking to slip through one of the passages into the
Atlantic and sail home to Spain, nor attack Commodore Watson's
blockading vessels before Havana, according to other expert
opinions expressed and widely published. For many days the hunt of
the war-ships went on like a fox-chase. On May 21st Commodore
Schley blockaded Cienfuegos, supposing that Cervera was inside the
harbor, but on the 24th he discovered his mistake and sailed to
Santiago, where he lay before the entrance to the harbor for three
days, not knowing whether or not the Spaniard was inside. On May
30th it was positively discovered that he had Cervera bottled up in
the narrow harbor of Santiago. He had been there since the 19th,
and had landed 800 men, 20,000 Mauser rifles, a great supply of
ammunition, and four great guns for the defense of the city.
OPERATIONS AGAINST SANTIAGO.
On May 31st Commodore Schley opened fire on the fortifications at
the mouth of the harbor, which lasted for about half an hour. This
was for the purpose of discovering the location and strength of the
batteries, some of which were concealed, and in this he was
completely successful. Two of the batteries were silenced, and the
flagship of the Spaniards, which took part in the engagement, was
damaged. The Americans received no injury to vessels and no loss of
men. On June 1st Admiral Sampson arrived before Santiago, and
relieved Commodore Schley of the chief command of the forces,
then consisting of sixteen war-ships.
Admiral Sampson, naturally a cautious
commander, suffered great apprehension
lest Cervera might slip out of the harbor
and escape during the darkness of the
night or the progress of a storm, which
would compel the blockading fleet to
stand far off shore. There was a point in
the channel wide enough for only one
warship to pass at a time, and if this
could be rendered impassable Cervera's RICHMOND PEARSON HOBSON.
doom would be sealed. How to reach
and close this passage was the difficult problem to be solved. On
either shore of the narrow channel stood frowning forts with cannon,
and there were other fortifications to be passed before it could be