Presented by:Mubeena Munir

Roll.no:PBT02203007
Submitted to :Dr.Madiha Ata.
Topic:Plant movements
Headings:
 Autonomous movement in plants
1:Circadian rythms
2:Photoperiodism
 Prey driven movements
1:Parasitic plants
2:Carnivorous plants
Autonomous movement

 It is predicted that it is the stimulus that comes from the body of plant itself.
 It includes movements that are the control of circadian clock.
 For example: unfolding and refolding of the plants during the day,which takes place,the
opening of flower for optimal periods of pollination.
Circadian Rythms:

 Plants exhibit rhythmic behavior as they are exposed to diurnal cycle of light and dark
period.
 Flowers of Onagraceae,Cactaceae,Convulvulaceae,Oxalidaceae exhibit diurnal
movements and their flowers are closed by inward curvature of leaves and open by
reversing the curvature.
 Rythms are governed by Biological clock.
 Rythms are unaffected by temperature and can bear climatic changes,
Known to exhibit temperature compensation.
Period:time between two
points in the cycle
between consecutive peak
and trough.
Phase:Any point on the
cycle that is recognized
by its relationship to the
rest of the cycle.
Amplitude:It is the
degree to which the
observed response varies
from the mean.
Range: difference
between maximum and
minimum values.
Free running period

 Under constant conditions ,length of the plant cycle is not influenced by any
environmental factors .
 Under such conditions rythms depart from typical 24 hour period either gaining or
losing time,depending on whether the period is longer or shorter than 24 hours.
Entrainment

 Under natural conditions plants are exposed to fluctuating environment, therefore

rythms also exhibit the same period and are said to be entrained to its environment.
 It can be brought about by a number of factors with,light being the strongest modulator.
Zeitgebers

 The environmrntal signals are cues and are called asd zeitgebers.
 It is a german term means time givers.
 The environmental zeitgebers are required to initiate the expression of internally related
rythms.
 Entrainment of molecular clock is mediated by specific photoreceptors.
 Both blue and red light are effective in entrainment,indicating the role of both
phytochrome and cryptochrome.
 In Arabidopsis,phytochrome C is involved in Clock entrainment.
 Cryptochrome 1 and cryptochrome2 proteins function as intermediates during the
signaling of phytochrome mediated clock entrainment.
Photoperiodism:

 Ability of the plant to detect day length and allow seasonal response is called as
photoperiodism.
 Circadian rhythm and photoperiodism are modulated by cycles of light and dark
periods.
 Geographic locations determines the length of day and night.
 At equator,the length of the day and night is equal .
 By moving towards poles the length of day longer in summer and shorter in winter.
Plant photoperiodic response

 Understanding of plant photoperiodic responses was initiated with the work of

Wightman Garner and Henry Allard in 1920s.
 He conducted series of experiments at US Department of Agriculture,
Beltsville,Maryland on a mutant variety of tobacco Marryland Mammoth.
The plants grew up at the height of 5m but failed to flower in summer.
 Plants produced flower in winter or on artificially short day condition in summer.
Conclusion

 The length of the day was critical in determining the flowering response.
 Flowering is modulated by photoperiod .
 Classification:
 Short day plants
 Long day plants
Short day plants or SDPs

 Plants flowering only under short days are called as Qualitative SDPs.
 Flowering is accelerated by short days,are called as Quantitative SDPs.
Long day plant or LDPs
 Plants flowering only under long days are called,Qualitative LDPs.
 Flowering is accelerated by long days are called,Quantitative LDPs.
Critical day length

 Flowering in LDPs is promoted only when length of the day exceeds a certain duration
called as critical day length.
 The critical day length determines the flowering response both in SDPs and LDPs.
 LDPS flower when the day length exceeds or the night length is less than a critical
duration in a 24 hour cycle.
 SDPs flower when the day length is less or the night length exceeds a critical duration
in a 24 hour cycle.
Prey driven movements

 Plants lack chloroplasts and survive as parasites on autotrophic plants or are

carnivorous that derive nutrition from their entrapped insect preys.
Classification:
1:Holoparasites:dependent on host plant for their organic nutrition.
E.g:Dodder (cuscuta)
2:Hemiparasites:produce their own organic assimilates but dependent on host for absorbing
water and solutes from the soil
E.g:Phoradendron
Parasitic plants

 These plants locate their prey using a variety of mechanisms.

 For example:plants like the Santalaceae members—the mistletoes (Viscum album and
V. cruciatum),Loranthus acacia and L. europaeus from Loranthaceae produce brightly
colored tasty fruits that attract birds.
 The birds eat the fruit, but the indigestible seed sticks onto their beaks, wiped off
against a tree branch where it gets deposited.
 On germination, the seedling invades the host tissue and uses Haustorium for the
absorbtion of nutrients
 Cuscuta is an obligate holoparasite that is dependent on host plant to complete its life
cycle.
 Produces innumerable seeds that germinate,seedlings grow using the limited nutrient
supply available in seed.
 The seedling twines around a suitable host attracted by the smell of a volatile
compound or chemoattractants emitted by the host itself.
 These chemical cues are volatile terpenoids such as α-pinene, β-myrcene, and β-
phellandrene.
 The parasitic epidermal and parenchymatous cells differentiate to form a secondary
meristem and prehaustoria called as adhesive disk.
 Signals, like mechanical pressure, osmotic potentials, and phytohormones, such as
auxins and cytokinins, initiate and control prehaustoria formation.
 Secretion of adhesive substances like pectins and other polysaccharides by the
prehaustoria enhances adhesion,reinforced by the secretion of sticky substances like
arabinogalactan proteins by the host plant.
 The haustoria invade the host tissue, establish connections to the xylem and
phloem of the host.
 Cuscuta forms a continuous symplastic connection with its host.
 The haustoria form an interface where nutrients, solutes, and carbohydrates
and macromolecules, such as mRNA, proteins, and viruses, are exchanged
between the host and parasite.
Carnivorous plants

 These plants developed strategy to entrap their mobile prey.

 Preys are attracted to traps due to its sight or smell.
 Traps may be passive or active.
 Plants with mobile-active traps are the snap traps of Venus flytrap and the suction traps
of bladderworts.
 These are triggered by the prey and are activated by electrophysiological signaling
processes.
Active traps

 Plants with mobile-active traps are the snap traps of Venus flytrap and the suction traps
of bladderworts.
 These are triggered by the prey and are activated by electrophysiological signaling
processes.
Passive traps

 Passive traps do not move and use slippery surfaces, sticky secretions, etc. to trap their
prey.
 Passive traps include those used by pitcher plants Nepenthes sp. which has a pitcher-
like container, formed by leaf lamina, and is filled with digestive enzymes secreted by
specialized glands.
 The prey attracted by the pitcher plant slips into the slippery neck of the trap and with
its exit blocked by the stiff epidermal hairs present in one direction drowns into the
enzyme soup and is digested away.
 Such traps are stationery and do not involve movements.
Trap of Venus Flytrap

 Lamina of leaves have two identicaql lobes on either side of midrib.

 Lobes have stiff bristles.
 Bristles get interlocked when prey gets trapped.
 Lobes becomes so closer and secrete digestive enzymes.
Thank you