Botany - the scientific study of plants

Plants are the green-colored, non-motile living organisms. They have roots,
stems, leaves, and flowers. They produce their own food through
photosynthesis, and they reproduce through seeds and spores.

Coniferous trees because dont have flowers but they have fines. They form
cones but they are still considered as plants.

Some plants are small, medium and large.

Peppermint, basi, chives , cilantro ( chinese salary) , and parsley are examples
of small plants . herbs are plants as well.

Other sample of plants

Bird of paradise - orangey with beak
Bombil or bougainvillea ( right center structured is the flower )
Gumamela or hibiscus
Sampaguita

Plants have different shapes and forms.

WHAT ARE PLANTS?

- are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
Multicellular means many cells.
-Prokaryote cell does not have nucleus
-Prokaryotes don't have membrane-bound organelles whereas eukaryotes have.

What makes the animal and plant cells eukaryotic

Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, so they contain membrane-bound
organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria(mitochondrion) The nucleus of
eukaryotic cells is similar to the brain of the cell.
Even fungi are eukaryotic
Plants - are autotrophic because the produce their own food through
photosynthesis

-Cellular respiration is a process in which the food or energy in sugar made

available
-Photosynthesis is a process that stores energy
-humans are Heterotrophic because we need energy from other sources
-Plants also take oxygen to break down the sugar

Plants are rooted in one place because of their roots

Plants have rigid cell walls made of cellulose , plants like fungi they have
cell walls too.

1.
2.Onion cell is purple . cell wall is that thick black .

Plants have life cycles that include a(1) sporophyte generation and a
(2)gametophyte generation
-Plants produce sexually ( planting seeds) and asexual ( marcotting is an
example)
-Flower is the sex part of plant
-Pollination leads to fertilization
-Meiosis - type of division that produce sex cells
Plants either vascular or non-vascular
-Vascular has tubes
-Non vascular don't have tubes

1.example of non vascular

2. Hornworts ( phylum Anthocerotophyta

3. Non vascular
Plants have vascular plants are either spore bearing or seed bearing
Non vascular if they dont have it .

Charophytes are believed to be ancestors of modern plants ex are algae .

Plants seed bearing are either(1) gymnosperms or(2) angiosperms
Plants are Basal angiosperms may be monocots or eudicots.
-We can identify it by leaf modiation. If leaves run from run to leaves from leaves
they are monocots.
Monggos is an example of Dicots , not fibrous or 1 main roots
Corn is an example of monocots, slander roots
The chemical composition of cells

Characteristics of Life

-Growth and Development with the passage of time or an organism undergoes a change.
Example : A seed may start to germinate, become a seedling assembling a young plant and
eventually it will become mature.

-Reproduction so it's as pointed out latching plants can reproduce both sexually and asexually
to sexual reproduction is possible because plants at post contains sex cells the pollens have
the sperm cells and the ovuls in the ovary flowers have the egg cells can sexual reproduction.

Asexual - growing plants stem cutting. Meaning there is no involvement in sex cells.

-Heredity traits from the parents are passed onto the offspring .
Example : So if you happen to plant a mango seed from a mango that was very very sweet, it's
expected that when the mango tree reaches maturity it will also bear mangoes as sweet as the
parent.

-Metabolism sumtotal Of all the biochemical reactions taking place in an organism. these
reactions could result into the breakdown of complex substances the process called catabolism
or this processes could result to the build-up of complex substances the process being called
anabolism

It is defined as the complex of physical and chemical events of photosynthesis, respiration, and
the synthesis and degradation of organic compounds.

-Organization
For example, you're an individual organism; your body is composed of organ systems . The
organs in turn Interact with other organisms of the same species so you now have a group of
organisms of the same species.

A population of different species is called a community. a community and when a community's

living component interacts with the nonliving or the abiotic components such as water or
sunlight or ph then we now have an ecosystem.

ecosystem is composed of the nonliving or abiotic and the living or the biotic components
interacting with one another.

ecosystems could either be terrestrial or landbase and also aquatic. all the ecosystems in the
world i say we have dessert we have grasslands have rainforest we have coniferous forest all
these different ecosystems in forms of biomes which eventually would form the biosphere or
deeper another trait.
-Responds to the environment - ability to respond to the environment there will always be
changes in the environment and for an organism an entity when life will respond to these
changes. not only will an organism react or respond to the changes in an organism's able to
adapt to the changes for it to survive like for example

-Adaptation- could be physiological like microbes. It could also have physical adaptation .
Behavioral adaptation.

-Evolution - plants evolved from the algae; the development of the plant kingdom may have
resulted from evolutionary changes that occurred when photosynthetic multicellular organisms
invaded the continents.

-Homeostasis. It is the ability of organisms to make sure that the system in our body are stable .

“ FOR SOMETHINGS THAT WE CONSIDERED ALIVE IT MUST HAVE ALL THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE “

NOTES SA 2

PROPERTIES OF WATER
1.High Polarity
- Responsible for water being called universal solvent
- Strong intermolecular force or attraction Between water molecules resulting to surface
tension
- Cohesion and adhesion Cohesion means water molecules stick to each other while
adhesion means that water molecules stick to another molecules or surfaces

Capillary action
-water is brought up by plants body

2. High specific heat index

-Other words for the water to heat up it needs great amount of energy

Question: what makes water high specific heat and index valuable to life ?
3.High heat of vaporization
- it take Great amount of energy to make the liquid water to vapor
-This is also essential or valuable to life .

Question: how do living organisms benefit from different properties of water

Water is essential for all living things. Water's unique density, high specific heat, cohesion,
adhesion, and solvent abilities allow it to support life.
water's role as a solvent helps cells transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients.