Revision of the main concepts in materials engineering 4

• Tessaleno C. Devezas

• UNIVERSIDADE ATLÂNTICA
 Materials Engineering – Revision 4

• Phase diagrams
• Pure substance (just one component) - pressure x temperature
• Ex – H2O
3 fields:
solid
liquid
vapor

1 triple point

2 thermodynamic variables: P, T
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• Phase diagrams
• Ex: Iron

• 3 solid phases with different crystallyne structures

• Important: no dependence with the presure in the

• range of ambient pressures

• Then in solids is sufficient to work with just one

• thermodynamic variable - T
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• Phase diagrams
• Binary phase diagram – two variable: composition and T

• When there is complete solid solution (100%)

isomorphous phase diagrams

Composition: mol% or wt%

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Lever rule - used for determination of the phase composition C and of the phase
weight fraction W present in a given field of the phase diagram

lever or tie line

Easy demonstration:
Co = WLCL + WSCS WL + W S = 1

Co = (1 - WS ) CL + WSCS
WS = (Co – CL) / (CS – CL)
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Three main questions:

1 – Which are the phases present at a given temperature?
2 – What is the composition of each phase?
3 – What is the fraction (quantity - weight or molar) of each phase?

Problem: answer the above 3 questions for

an alloy with 53% Ni at 1300ºC
Materials Engineering – Revision 4
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Diagrams with limited solid solution – 3-phase reactions or invariant reactions

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Eutectic diagrams (eutetic means “easy fusion”)

liquidus line

solidus line solidus line

solvus line

solvus line
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1 – Eutectic diagrams - typical examples

Eutectic reaction:

L (28,1% Cu) 779º C α (8,8% Cu) + β (92%Cu)

solution with 24% Cu:

at 800ºC begins solidification of α, but
we have a mix of L + α, then below 779ºC
the remaining L transforms in α
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1 – Eutectic diagrams - typical examples

Eutectic reaction:
L (61.9% Sn) 183º C α (19% Sn) + β (97,5%Sn)

a typical lead-based solder alloy has about

30% Sn
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Pb –Sn system – some details

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Pb –Sn system – some details

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Pb –Sn system – problem

Answer the 3 questions to points a,b, c

d, and e shown in the diagram
(base composition with 40 wt% Sn)
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Other invariant reactions:

Peritectic (“different fusion” ) – incongruent fusion - α +L T β

Eutectoid -  T α+β

Peritectoid - α + β T 

All reations should be always expressed with the corresponding compositions!

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Other invariant reactions: examples in the system Cu – Zn (brass – latão)

Cu – fcc, el: 1,9

Zn – hcp. el: 1,6

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Other invariant reactions: examples in the system Cu – Zn (brass – latão)

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Phase diagrams with intermetallic compounds – ex. Mg – Pb

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Other important point: conversion wt% - at% and vice- versa

1 - Find the composition in at% for the problem presented in slide 6 – 53 wt% Ni
MNi = 58,7 g/mol MCu = 63,55 g/mol

2- Find the limit of solubility in at% for the Pb in Mg (previous slide)

MMg = 24,3 g/mol MPb = 207,2 g/mol