Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Minggu 3 Teori
Minggu 3 Teori
Spiritual Domain
6th - 15th centuries
Medieval period
• Preformationism: children seen as little adults.
• Childhood is not a unique phase.
• Children were cared for until they could begin caring for
themselves, around 7 years old.
• Children treated as adults (e.g. their clothing,
worked at adult jobs, could be
married, were made into
kings, were imprisoned or
hanged as adults.)
16th Century
Reformation period
• Forerunner of behaviorism
www.cooperativeindividualism.org/ locke-john.jpg
18th Century
Age of Reason
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
– children were noble savages, born with an innate
sense of morality; the timing of growth should not be
interfered with.
• Forerunner of ethology
20th Century
Theories about children's development expanded
around the world.
Figure 2.1
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial Theory
• Expanded on Freud's theories.
• Believed that development is life-
long.
• Emphasized that at each stage, the
child acquires attitudes and skills
resulting from the successful
negotiation of the psychological
conflict.
Life is a series of stages. Each individual must pass through each
stage. The way in which a person handles each of these stages
affects the person’s identity and self-concept. These psychosocial
stages are:
1. Trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1 year)
2. Autonomy vs. shame & doubt (2 to 3 years)
3. Initiative vs. guilt (4 to 5 years)
4. Industry vs. inferiority (6 to 11 years)
5. Identity vs. role confusion (12 to 18 years)
6. Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
7. Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood)
8. Integrity vs. despair (older adulthood)
Main points
• Development is primarily driven by
language, social context and adult
guidance.
What is Zone of Proximal Development?
It is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet do alone but can
accomplish when assisted by a more skilled partner.
• Ethologist, known
for his research
on imprinting.
Attachment Theory
For example, a dancer can excel in his art only if he/she has
• strong musical intelligence to understand the rhythm and variations of the music
• bodily-kinesthetic intelligence to provide him with the agility and coordination to
complete the movements successfully
• interpersonal intelligence to understand how he can inspire or emotionally move
his audience through his movements
Maslow’s Theory
• Achieve full
potential
• Fulfillment