Chapter three

Introduction to Road Management

System

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 3.1. Introduction to road management
• Pavement management

– is the process of planning the maintenance and repair of a network

of road way or other paved facilities in order to optimize pavement

conditions over the entire network.

– It is used to describe the various strategies that can be used to decide

on a pavement restoration and rehabilitation policy.

– It is a systematic process for maintaining, upgrading, and

operating physical pavement assets in a cost-effective manner.

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 Pavement Management Is…

• …a management approach used by personnel to make cost-

effective decisions about a road network.

AASHTO Pavement
Management Guide (2001)
A Pavement Management System Is…

AASHTO Guide for Design of

AASHTO Guide
Pavement for Design
Structures (1993)of
Pavement Structures (1993)
 Use of Pavement Management
• Identify and prioritize maintenance and rehabilitation
needs
– Select projects and treatments on an objective, rational basis

• Assist agencies in determining cost-effective treatment

strategies
– Allocate funds so an agency can get the most “bang for the
buck”
– Demonstrate impacts of alternate strategies
 Managing Pavement Deterioration

Cost-effective time for

preventive maintenance
Cost-effective time for
PCI Critical Condition minor rehabilitation

Costly
treatments
needed

AGE
 Pavement Management Components

Network Inventory Network Definition Condition

Assessment

Database System
Customization
Reports
Models
Analysis Costs
Pavement
Management System Tools Treatment Rules
 PMS…
• The process(PMS) combines :

– applications of established engineering principles with sound

business practices and economic theory, thus assuring an organized

and scientific approach to decision making.

• The process involves the following steps for a given pavement section:

(1) assess present pavement condition,

(2) predict future condition,

(3) conduct an alternatives analysis, and

(4) select an appropriate rehabilitation strategy.

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 PMS
• The aforementioned process utilizes a computer-driven protocol

called the pavement management system that consists of the

following elements:

(1) an inventory and condition database,

(2) mathematical models to forecast future pavement condition,

(3) procedures for conducting alternative analyses, and

(4) reporting and visualization tools to facilitate the interpretation and

display of results.
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 PMS
Levels of Pavement Management

– The Network Level

It is concerned with the entire highway network and all of the pavement
sections that comprise the system.

– At this level, the pavement management process is strategic and seeks

answers to questions such as:

• What is the current condition of the pavement network?

• What resources in time, material and personnel will be required to

maintain the network at a specified performance standard?

• What should be the annual work program to address the most critical

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needs that reflect available resources? 10
 PMS
– The Project Level
• Attention is directed toward determining the specific maintenance and/or rehabilitation action needed

to preserve a specific element or project that has been selected by the network-level process.

•Data needed:

– Section Description

– Performance Related Data

Ro
– Historic Related Data

ad
con
diti
on
– Policy Related Data

– Geometry Related Data

– Environment Related Data

– Cost Related Data

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 PMS

• Why road conditions ?

– Establishing Project Priorities.

– Establishing Options. Methods of rehabilitation

– Forecasting Performance. Future conditions

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 PMS

• Methods of determining road conditions

– (1) pavement roughness (ride ability),

– (2) pavement distress (surface condition),

– (3) pavement deflection (structural failure), and

– (4) skid resistance (safety).

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 3.2. Economic aspect of Road Construction

• Transportation projects can have various impacts on a community’s

economic development objectives, such as productivity,

employment, business activity, property values, investment and tax

revenues (in this case "community" can range in scale from

individual households to cities, regions, nations or even the entire

world). 

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 Cont’d
• In general, transport projects that improve overall accessibility

– i.e., they improve businesses ability to provide goods and services,

and

– people's ability to access education, employment and services

– and reduce transportation costs (including travel time, vehicle

operating costs, road and parking facility costs, accident and pollution

damages) tend to increase economic productivity and development

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 Specifically roads….

• Roads are the arteries through which the economy pulses.

• By linking producers to markets, workers to jobs, students to

school, and the sick to hospitals, roads are vital to any

development agenda.

• Since 2002, the World Bank has constructed or rehabilitated

more than 260,000 km of roads.

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 Cont’d (Negative impact..)

• However, while roads bring economic and social benefits, they

can also come with social costs such as pollution or

deforestation.  The Amazon rainforest is crisscrossed by almost

100,000 km of roads—enough to circle the Earth two and a half

times.

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 Cont’d (Negative impact…)

• And the transport sector accounts for about 23 percent of global

energy-related carbon dioxide emissions and a significant share

of local particle pollution.

• Such tradeoffs need to be weighed when planning any

intervention.

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 Result and Impact Indicators
for the Road Sector

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 The Missing Middle

Poverty
Roads Reduction

Outputs Results Specific Intermediate Global Impacts

(Outcomes)
Impacts Impacts

Implementation Programming

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 Common Indicator of Success

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 Examples - Real Indicators of Success

Education
Trade
Time

Health
Jobs/Profits
Cost Environment

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 Intervention Logic
Output Results Specific Intermediate Global
Clusters (Outcomes) Impacts Impacts Impacts

Lower Road Greater

Transport Time Economic
Improved
Infrastructur Accessibility
Conditions for
e Economic
(construction/ Lower Road
maintenance) Greater Growth
Transport Accessibility to Economic
Costs Social Services Growth
Improved
Institutional Institutional
Reform Management of Poverty
Road System Reduction

MDG 1
Increased
Economic
Employment Social
Environmental Developmen
Impacts of Roads t
Environmen Minimised
t MDG 7 Enhanced
Enhanced Safety Human Capacity
Social & Health Linked
to Roads
MDG 6

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 Result (Outcome) Indicators
Output Results Indicators
Clusters (Outcomes)
Lower Road
Transport Time
1. Travel Times
Infrastructure
(construction
Lower Road
/ 2. Transportation costs
maintenance) Transport Costs

Improved
Institutional Institutional
Reform
3. Implementation and enforcement of
Management
of Road
laws related to roads
System

Increased 4. Employment resulting from construction

Economic Employment and maintenance of roads

Environment

Social

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 Specific Impact Indicators
Output Results Specific Indicators
Clusters (Outcomes) Impacts
5. Access to roads
Greater
Infrastructur Lower Road Economic 6. Use of public transportation
e Transport Time Accessibility
(construction/
maintenance) 7. Business productivity
Lower Road
Greater
Transport Costs
Accessibility to 8. Access to social services
Social Services
Institutiona Improved
l Reform Institutional
Management
of Road
Economic
System
Environmental
9. Environmental effects of road
Impacts of
Roads system
Environmen Minimised
t 10. Road deaths and injuries
Enhanced Safety
& Health Linked 11. Disease transmissions
Social to Roads
influenced by improved mobility

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 Intermediate Impact Indicators

Outputs Results Specific Intermediate Indicators

(Outcomes) Impacts Impacts
Lower Road Greater
Transport Time Economic
Infrastructure
Accessibility
(construction/
maintenance)
Improved 14. Employment
Lower Road
Transport Conditions for
Costs Greater Economic 15. Trade
Accessibility to Growth
Improved Social Services
Institutiona Institutional
l Reform Management of
Road System

Increased
Economic
Employmen
t
Environmental
Environment Impacts of Roads
Minimised
16. School attendance
Enhanced
Human Capacity 17. Health attendance
Enhanced Safety
Social & Health Linked
to Roads

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 The Missing Middle

Roads
Poverty
Reduction

Outputs Results Specific Intermediate Global Impacts

(Outcomes)
Impacts Impacts

Implementation Programming

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 List of Key Indicators (with examples)
• Result (Outcome) Indicators
• 3. Implementation and enforcement of laws related
1.Travel times
to roads
• Public/Commercial transportation time
Number/type of prosecutions related to road offences;
number/type of approved laws related to roads
• 2. Transportation costs 4. Employment resulting from road construction
• Cost of public transport fares; commercial operating and maintenance
costs
Number of people directly and indirectly employed in road
construction and maintenance projects

Specific Impact Indicators

5. Access to roads 9. Environmental effects of road system
Population living within x kilometres of a road network Soil erosion directly related to roads; lead and carbon monoxide
6. Use of public transportation pollution; market share for unleaded petrol; number of
Number of people using public transportation vehicles meeting x environmental quality standard

7. Businesses productivity 10. Road deaths and injures

Market return for traded goods; transfer to higher-value goods Number of road deaths; number of road injuries

8. Access to social services 11. Disease transmissions influenced by improved

Number of people who live within x time of a school, health mobility
centre, or local government office; number of visits by HIV/AIDS infection rate; TB infection rate
government officials to towns/villages

Intermediate Impact Indicators

12. Employment 14. School attendance
Employment opportunities within x travel time; increase in School enrolment rates; school completion rates
employment within x area
15. Health attendance
13. Trade Number of visits to health centres; number of supervised births;
Volume of trade between y and z regions; value of trade child immunisation rates
between y and z regions

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 Intervention Logic
Output Results Specific Intermediate Global
Clusters (Outcomes) Impacts Impacts Impacts

Lower Road Greater

Transport Time Economic
Improved
Infrastructure Accessibility
Conditions for
(construction
Economic
/
Lower Road Greater Growth
maintenance)
Transport Costs Accessibility to Economic
Social Services Growth
Improved
Institutional Institutional
Reform Management Poverty
of Road Reduction
System
Increased
Economic
Employment Social
Environmental Developmen
Impacts of Roads t
Environmen Minimised
t Enhanced
Enhanced Safety Human Capacity
Social & Health Linked
to Roads

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 Labor Based road construction best options for developing…

3.3. Labor Based Method of Road Construction

• What is labor Based?

• It is construction or maintenance of road with labor with
the help of intermediate equipment.
• Also it is known as ‘intermediate technology’ or ‘light
equipment supported’ .

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 Labor based ….
• Labor based road construction involves breaking down various

components of road construction into small and simple activities

that are easily carried out by hand such as

• vegetation control,

• earthworks and graveling activities,

• whereas intermediate equipment, like tractors, light trucks and

compaction rollers are used for haulage and compaction activities.

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 Labor…

maintenance activities Ditch excavation

• cutting vegetation; repairs
to structures; filling
potholes and scours;
• maintaining road signs and
marking;
• cleaning ditches, culverts
and small bridges are
achieved using labor based
operations.

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 Labor..
Equipment intensive- Labor intensive-

• uses mechanical plant wherever • method use labor wherever

possible and manual labor only possible, and machines only on

on activities unsuited to activities unsuited to manual

machines, such as culvert labor, such as compaction and

repair and pothole filling. long distance haulage.

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 Present practice:
why do not labor?
• Political influence

• contractors are used to equipment-based working methods.

• Heavy equipment as foreign Aid

• Employment creation is rarely considered

• Lending criteria of financial institutions generally favor large-scale

programs . BUT no MORE!

Because :

• Lack of foreign exchange

• Unemployment
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 Labor based…
• Labor based is recommended if the following right conditions are available:
• sufficient numbers of under- or unemployed persons in the areas where the
work is required plus local availability of construction materials;
• low wage levels;
• Shortage of conventional construction equipment and high capital costs.
• Government commitment to the development of employment and generation
of income in the rural areas;
• Small contractors skilled in labor-based technology and capable of
supervising the work efficiently; and
• Competence of the public sector agencies responsible for rural
infrastructure works in the areas of contracting.
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 Labor…
• Types of road [functionally]
Road Functional Classification Geometri Level of AADT
c Service
Standards
       DC8 A >10,000

HIGH VOLUME
      DC7 3,000-
10,000
      DC6 B 1,000-
3,000
    DC5 300-1,000
MAIN ACCESS

TRUNK
LINK

  DC4 C 150-300
COLLECTOR

DC3 75-150
LOW VOLUME
FEEDER

DC2 25-75
 

        DC1 D < 25
         
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 Labor…
Community participation
• The main aim of labor based road construction and maintenance is to
service the isolated people by the road and job opportunity in the
construction of the road.
• In labor based community participation is considered as an opportunity
and Common works for community in labor based includes:
– Site clearance and preparation

– Ditch excavation or longitudinal drainages

– Level to level formation

– Material production (not in all)

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3.4. Basic concept of technology application
 Basic Concepts of Technology Choice:

• Labor based is ideal in construction and maintenance of basic

access roads.

• In its approach, Basic access roads (example URRAP) will

promote flexibility of approach, appropriateness of intervention

(suited to labor), affordability (value for money) and

maintainability (sustainability).

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 Labor…
 Technical and Economic Feasibility of Labor Based Method

– labor based can be constructed with almost the same quality with equipment

based.

– Constructing RTI with labor-based methods requires between 2,000 and

12,000 person-days per kilometer for construction and 200 to 400 person-

days per kilometer for maintenance.

– Utilizing local labor allows the local community to earn wages, as does

procuring materials and tools from local sources.

– contribute to local empowerment through skills-transfer and creation of

ownership
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 Labor …

Equipment based Labor based

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 3.5. Economic study of the labor-based method of construction

 Social and Economic Benefits of Labor Based Method

– When labor-based methods are used, over five times more

direct employment is created for the rural unskilled workers

compared with using conventional equipment-based methods.

– This includes a substantial proportion (typically 30%) of

employment for women.

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 Labor…
• Comparison labor and Equipment Based.

Unpaved Roads Equipment-based Labor Based

construction option option

  (% of total costs)

Cost of equipment 80-82% 10-12%

Cost of labor 30-40% 50-60%

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 Introduction to URRAP and Cobble stone
• URRAP
Universal Rural Roads Access Program is unique approach in
Ethiopia targeting to construct about 72,000 km of access roads in
the GTP.
The main aim of the program is that to connect all Kebele by roads
of a standard that provides all-weather, year round access, meets
the needs of the rural communities, are affordable and
maintainable

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 URRAP…
• Guiding principles

– Supported at all levels of Government with strong political

sanction at Kebele,Wereda and Regional levels

– Socially right and environmentally acceptable

– Institutionally possible

– Technologically appropriate and practical

– Economically viable

– Financially feasible
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 Cobble stone

• Introduction to cobble stone Roads

Cobblestone road construction is construction of road with

cobble. It is comprehensively labor intensive and requires skilled

labor.

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 Cobble ….
 Benefits of Cobble stone Roads.

• Increased live ability of neighborhoods and increased quality of life

for the poor.

• Increased mobility for the poor whose main mode of travel is walking.

• Improved commercial local activity.

• Generating local economic and employment creation.

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 Cobble ….
• Increased land value of adjacent areas thereby increasing revenues

for the city.

• Empowerment of cities to develop their own infrastructure and

construction sector.

• Enhancement of institutional capacity.

• Increasing local capacity and skills;

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 Cobble…

• Technical Requirements for Cobblestone Road Construction

– Stage 1: Production of cobble stones:

– Stage 2: Surveying of the proposed road:

– Stage 3: Sub grade, sub-base and/or base preparation:

– Stage 4: Bedding and cobble stone Lying:

– Stage 5: Finishing work:

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3.6. Choosing between alternatives influencing material cost and
labor

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 END!!!!!

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