INTELLIGENCE

Mr. Kyle Schloss

 • Intelligence
encompasses four
main principles.
The ability to:
• Reason abstractly
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? • Adapt to novel
environmental
circumstances
• Acquire knowledge
• Benefit from
experience
HISTORY ON INTELLIGENCE
 General Intelligence

Fluid and Crystalized

Intelligence
THEORIES OF
INTELLIGENCE Primary Mental Abilities

Multiple Intelligences

Triarchic Model of
Intelligence
THE G FACTOR –
CHARLES
SPEARMAN
 Positive correlations among different
intelligence test items that assessed
different constructs such as vocabulary,
spatial ability and verbal reasoning
caught the attention of Spearman.
THE G FACTOR

From this, he hypothesized the

existence of a single shared factor
across all these aspects – g, or
general intelligence.
 Spearman believed that how well
we perform on a given mental task
depends not only on our general
smarts (g), but also on our skills in
narrow domains (s).
THE S FACTOR
Specific abilities come down to
our inherent ability or inability to
carry out a specific task or our
experience or inexperience with
them.
 FLUID AND
CRYSTALLIZED
INTELLIGENCE

• Raymond Cattell &

John Horn
 Researchers later purported that Spearman’s g
was not as uniform as he thought it was.

Louis Thurstone first discovered that some

FLUID AND intelligence test items more highly correlate to
CRYSTALLIZED each other than do other items.
INTELLIGENCE
These items form clumps corresponding to
different intellectual abilities.

Raymond Cattell and John Horn made

distinctions between what they termed as fluid
intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
 Fluid Intelligence refers to the capacity to learn
new ways of solving problems.

We rely on our fluid intelligence the first time

we try a task we have never seen or have no
FLUID AND experience with before (novel tasks).
CRYSTALLIZED
INTELLIGENCE Crystallized intelligence refers to the
accumulated knowledge of the world we acquire
over time.

This would be information from our semantic

memory store.
PRIMARY MENTAL
ABILITIES – LOUIS
THURSTONE
• Louis Thurstone
posited that there were
several primary mental
abilities:
• Associative Memory
• Numerical Ability PRIMARY MENTAL
• Perceptual Speed
ABILITIES
• Reasoning
• Spatial Visualization
• Verbal Comprehension
• Word Fluency
 GARDNER’S
MULTIPLE
INTELLIGENCE
• These include:
• Visual-Spatial Intelligence
• Linguistic-Verbal Intelligence
• Interpersonal Intelligence
GARDNER’S
• Intrapersonal Intelligence MULTIPLE
• Logical-Mathematical Intelligence INTELLIGENCES

• Musical Intelligence
• Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
• Naturalistic Intelligence
 VISUAL-SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE

STRENGTHS CAREER CHOICES

• Good at visualizing things
• Architect
• Recognizing patterns
• Interpreting graphs and charts
• Engineer
• Putting puzzles together • Artist
• Enjoy drawing and the visual
arts
• Good with directions, maps, and
analysing videos and pictures.
 LINGUISTIC-VERBAL INTELLIGENCE

STRENGTHS CAREER CHOICES

• Good at reading, writing. • Teachers
And remembering spoken or
written information
• Journalists
• Debate and give speeches • Lawyers
well • Politicians
• Understand and use humour
well
• Good at explaining things
 LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL
INTELLIGENCE

STRENGTHS CAREER CHOICES

• Good at reasoning, recognizing • Scientist
patterns and logically analysing
problems. • Mathematician
• Enjoy thinking about abstract • Engineer
ideas/problems
• Computer Programmer
• Good problem-solving skills
• Able to solve complex • Accountant
computations
• Tendency to think conceptually
about relationships, patterns and
numbers
 BODILY-KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE

STRENGTHS CAREER CHOICES

• Good at body movement and • Athletes
physical control
• Dancers
• Strong hand-eye co-ordination
and dexterity • Builders
• Skilled at sports and dancing • Sculptors
• Enjoy building things with • Actor/Stuntmen
their hands
• Remember more by doing
rather than seeing or hearing
 MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE

STRENGTHS CAREER CHOICES

• Good at thinking and has a • Musician
profound understanding of
musical structure, sounds, • Singer
patterns, notes and rhythms.
• Songwriter
• Good at musical composition and
performance • Composer
• Enjoying singing, and playing • Producer
instruments
• Conductor
• Remembers songs and melodies
• Good recognition of musical • Music Instructor/Teacher
tones and patterns
 INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE

STRENGTHS CAREER CHOICES

• Understanding and relating to • Psychologist / Therapist
people
• Assessing emotions, motivations, • Counsellor
desires and intentions of others • Politician
• Verbal and non-verbal
communication • Sales Rep.
• Multi-view perspective of • Social Worker
situations
• Philosopher
• Conflict resolution skills
• Creating positive relations with
others
 INTRAPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE

STRENGTHS CAREER CHOICES

• Introspection and self-reflection • Writer
• Overall excellent self- • Theorist
awareness
• Analysis of their strengths and
• Philosopher
weaknesses • Scientist
• Understand their own emotions, • Researcher
feelings and motivations
• Enjoy analysing ideas and
theories
 NATURALISTIC INTELLIGENCE

STRENGTHS CAREER CHOICES

• Finding patterns and • Botanist
relationships in nature
• Biologist
• Enjoy the outdoors
• Zoologist
• More in tune with nature
• Nurturing • Conservationist
• Exploring the environment and • Gardener
learning about other species • Farmer
and life forms
• Awareness of even subtle
changes to their environment
THE TRIARCHIC MODEL –
ROBERT STERNBERG
 Sternberg also posited that there were
more than one types of intelligence.

THE
TRIARCHIC
MODEL
He said that there were three largely
distinct intelligences:
Analytical Practical Creative
Intelligence Intelligence Intelligence
 MEASURING INTELLIGENCE

• The term intelligence quotient (IQ) was first coined in

the early 20th century by a German psychologist
William Stern.
• IQ is a total score derived from a set of standardized
tests or subtests designed to measure human
intelligence.
 INTELLIGENCE TESTS

• The most common types of IQ tests

are:
• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
• Universal Nonverbal Intelligence
• Differential Ability Scales
• Peabody Individual Achievement Test
• Woodcock Johnson III Tests of
Cognitive Disabilities
 WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALE FOR
CHILDREN (WISC)

• Primary Index Scales:

• Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)
• Visual Spatial Index (VSI)
• Working Memory Index (WMI)
• Fluid Reasoning Index (FRI)
• Processing Speed Index (PSI)
VERBAL COMPREHENSION INDEX (VCI)

• Similarities**
• Vocabulary**
• Information
• Comprehension
 VISUAL-SPATIAL INDEX (VSI)

• Block Design**
• Visual Puzzles*
 Matrix Reasoning**

Figure Weights**
FLUID
REASONING
(FRI)
Picture Concepts

Arithmetic
 WORKING MEMORY INDEX (WMI)

DIGIT SPAN** PICTURE SPAN* LETTER-NUMBER

SEQUENCING
 Coding**

PROCESSING
SPEED INDEX Symbol Search*
(PSI)

Cancellation
• Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) WECHSLER
• Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) ADULT SCALES
• Working Memory Index (WMI) OF
• Processing Speed Index (PSI) INTELLIGENCE
(WAIS)
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
 • Psychological tests go through
a process called norming
where representative racial
samples from the population
are administered the tests.
RELIABILITY AND • Reliability is established when
VALIDITY OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL an individual who retakes the
TESTS test garners a score that falls
within the same confidence
interval of their first score.
• Validity is established when
the test measures what it sets
out to measure.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
 • Emotional
intelligence is the
ability to
understand our
EMOTIONAL
INTELLIGENCE emotions and
those of others,
and to apply this
information to our
everyday lives.
 EMOTIONAL
INTELLIGENCE

Emotional intelligence consists of

several components:
• The capacity to understand
and recognize one’s emotions
• The capacity to appreciate
others’ emotions
• The capacity to control one’s
emotions
• The capacity to adapt one’s
emotions to diverse situations