LESSON

METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHIZIN
G
LOGI
C
Logic is the study of reasoning. It is
the tool that philosophy uses to study
and evaluate philosophical truths.
Logic includes the use of good
thinking skills and avoiding logical
fallacies.
 DEDUCTIVE
LOGIC
It moves from the general to the
particular. A deductive syllogism has
a major premise, a minor premise and
a conclusion that follows from those
premises.
 EXAMPLE OF A
DEDUCTIVE
LOGIC
Major premise: All men are
mortal.
Minor premise: Socrates is a man.
Conclusion: therefore, Socrates
is mortal.
EXAMPLE OF A DEDUCTIVE
LOGIC
All mangoes are fruits

All fruits have seed

Mangoes have

seeds

(LOGICALLY TRUE AND REALISTICALLY

INDUCTIVE
LOGIC
Inductive logic proceeds from the particular to
general.

For example, people notice individual swans

that are white so they come to the conclusion
that all swans are white.
EXAMPLE OF AN INDUCTIVE
LOGIC
Mango is a fruit.

The basket is full of fruits

The basket is full of

Mangoes
 There are also two kinds of
statements that can help us
determine how something can be
true. One is analytical statement; the
other is synthetic statement.
 ANALYTIC STATEMENT SYNTHETIC STATEMENT

It is a statement A statement where

where the predicate is the predicate adds
something to the
contained in the
subject.
subject.
 EXAMPLE
S

ANALYTIC STATEMENT SYNTHETIC STATEMENT

Bachelors are All bachelors are

unhappy Children wear
unmarried men.
hats.
Salmon is a fish
Wearing white
Triangles have rubber shoes is more
three sides comfortable
 TWO KINDS OF STATEMENT

PRIORI STATEMENT POSTERIORI STATEMENT

is a statement that is not is a statement that is

dependent on dependent on
experience. experience.
You can claim something You can claim
to be true even before something to be true
 EXAMPLE
S
PRIORI STATEMENT POSTERIORI STATEMENT
2+2=4 was used as
2+2=4
the first example
All Mothers have a child
If Sarah revised longer Solenn is a Mother
than Sarah has revised
Yara, then Tara revised for
longer longer than Yara, and
than Sarah. Then, Tara Tara revised for longer
revised longer than Sarah
 WHAT IS
AESTHETIC
?
Also spelled esthetics, the philosophical study
of beauty and taste. It is closely related to
the philosophy of art, which is concerned
with the nature of art and the concepts in
terms of which individual works of art are
interpreted and evaluated.
 METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHY
DIALECTICAL METHOD
is at base a discourse
between two or more people
holding different points of
view about a subject but
wishing to establish the truth
through reasoned methods of
argumentation.
RATIONAL METHOD
Rational method – by using
mathematics and its operations of
intuition and deduction has
eliminated the personal and
subjective factors such as feelings
and emotions from of the body of
truth. As a result it has given truth a
rational scheme in other words it has
demonstrated truth is a rational and
systematic order.
 METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHY
SPECULATIVE METHOD ANALYTIC METHOD

is generally understood as also called linguistic philosophy,

a
systematic and a loosely related set of
comprehensive
account of human existence approaches to philosophical
and
the universe that problems, dominant in Anglo-
encompasses
both the natural sciences of American philosophy from the
the and inorganic world as
organic earlyemphasizes
century that 20th
well the
as the human sciences of cognition, study of language and the logical
social life, and the domains of analysis of
art, religion, and
concepts.
 METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHY
PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD HISTORICAL METHOD

is the kind of philosophy is the collection of techniques

thatto explain how the world
looks
is. It is typical of the
grand
metaphysical systems
of
Continental philosophy—it rejects
sensory evidence and
nature,
instead
seeks to use pure reason to
say the world must logically
how
and guidelines that historians
use to research and write
histories of the past. ... In the
philosophy of
history, the question of the
and the possibility, of a sound
historical method is raised
within the sub-field of
 METHODS OF PHILOSOPHY
SYNTHETIC METHOD

a style of philosophy that brings

together insights, knowledge, and
arguments from the special sciences
with the aim to offer a coherent
account of complex systems and
connect these to a wider culture or
other philosophical projects (or
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