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Conventional view of
mitochondrial
matrix
structure is at right.
Respiratory chain is inter-
in cristae of the inner cristae membrane
space
membrane.
Spontaneous electron inner outer
membrane mitochondrion membrane
transfer through
respiratory chain complexes I, III & IV is coupled to
H+ ejection from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
Because the outer membrane contains large channels,
these protons may equilibrate with the cytosol.
Respiration-linked H+ pumping out of the matrix conserves some of the
free energy of spontaneous e transfers as potential energy of an
electrochemical H+ gradient.
matrix
inter-
cristae membrane
space
inner outer
membrane mitochondrion membrane
2 e ––
I Q III IV
++
cyt c
4H+ 4H+ 2H+
Intermembrane Space
NAD+ A B
2 e ––
I Q III IV
++
+ + cyt c
4H 4H 2H+
Intermembrane Space
CH 3
C H 3O (CH 2 CH C CH 2 ) n H
OH c o e n zy m e Q H 2
cyt bH
Complex III
cyt bL e e
Q Q· Fe-S cyt c1
One version 2 H+
of Q Cycle: cyt c
intermembrane space
cyt bH
Complex III
cyt bL e e
Q Q· Fe-S cyt c1
2 H+
cyt c
intermembrane space
cyt bH
Complex III
cyt bL e e
Q Q· Fe-S cyt c1
2 H+
cyt c
intermembrane space
It takes 2 cycles for CoQ bound at the site hear the matrix
to be reduced to QH2, as it accepts 2e from the b hemes,
and 2H+ are extracted from the matrix compartment.
In 2 cycles, 2 QH2 enter the pathway & one is regenerated.
matrix 2 H+
Q Q. QH2 QH2
Animation
cyt bH
Overall reaction Complex III
catalyzed by
complex III, cyt bL e e
including net Q Q· Fe-S cyt c1
inputs & outputs 2 H+
cyt c
of the Q cycle : intermembrane space
cyt bH
Complex III
cyt bL e e
Q Q· Fe-S cyt c1
2 H+
cyt c
intermembrane space
2 e ––
I Q III IV
++
cyt c
4H+ 4H+ 2H+
Intermembrane Space
Thus there are 2H+ per 2e that are effectively transported
by a combination of complexes III & IV.
They are listed with complex III in diagrams depicting
H+/e stoichiometry.
Complex III: PDB Complex III
1BE3
Half of the homodimeric (bc1 Complex)
structure is shown.
Approximate location of
the membrane bilayer is
indicated.
Not shown are the CoQ
binding sites near heme
membrane
heme bH
bH and near heme bL.
The b hemes are heme bL
positioned to provide a Fe-S
pathway for electrons heme c1
across the membrane.
PDB Complex III
1BE3
The domain with (bc1 Complex)
attached Rieske Fe-S has
a flexible link to the rest
of the complex.
(Fe-S protein in green.)
Fe-S changes position
during e transfer.
membrane
heme bH
After Fe-S extracts an
heme bL
efrom QH2, it moves
closer to heme c1, to Fe-S
which it transfers the e. heme c1
View an animation.
PDB Complex III
1BE3
After the 1st e transfer (bc1 Complex)
from QH2 to Fe-S, the CoQ
semiquinone is postulated
to shift position within the
Q-binding site, moving
closer to its e acceptor,
heme bL.
membrane
heme bH
This would help to
prevent transfer of the heme bL
2nd electron from the Fe-S
semiquinone to Fe-S. heme c1
Complex III is an PDB-1BGY Complex III
obligate homo-dimer. homo-dimer
Fe-S in one half of the
dimer may interact with
bound CoQ & heme c1
in the other half of the
dimer.
Arrows point at:
• Fe-S in the half of
complex colored
white/grey Fe-S
• heme c1 in the half of heme c1
complex with proteins
colored blue or green.
Matrix
H+ + NADH NAD+ + 2H+ 2H+ + ½ O2 H2O
2 e ––
I Q III IV
Complex IV ++
(Cytochrome 4H+ 4H+
cyt c
2H+
Oxidase): Intermembrane Space
Electrons are donated to complex IV, one at a time, by
cytochrome c, which binds from the intermembrane space.
Each e passes via CuA & heme a to the binuclear center,
buried within the complex, that catalyzes O2 reduction:
4e + 4H+ + O2 → 2H2O.
Protons utilized in this reaction are taken up from the matrix
compartment.
Matrix
H+ + NADH NAD+ + 2H+ 2H+ + ½ O2 H2O
2 e ––
I Q III IV
++
cyt c
4H+ 4H+ 2H+
Intermembrane Space
2 e ––
I Q III IV
++
cyt c
4H+ 4H+ 2H+
Intermembrane Space
F1 3 H+
matrix
Fo
intermembrane
space
F1 3 H+
matrix
Fo
intermembrane
space
++
3 H+ ATP4 ADP3 H2PO4 H+
energy
requiring higher [H+]
reactions ADP + Pi cytosol
++
3 H+ ATP4 ADP3 H2PO4 H+
energy
requiring higher [H+]
reactions ADP + Pi cytosol
2 e ––
I Q III IV
++
cyt c
4H+ 4H+ 2H+
Intermembrane Space
2 e ––
For, summing up I Q III IV
synthesis of ~P ++
bonds via ox cyt c
4H+ 4H+ 2H+
phos, assume: Intermembrane Space
Krebs Cycle
Sum of
Pathways
a ADP added
An oxygen electrode
may be used to record
b ADP all
[O2] in a closed vessel. [O2] c
converted
to ATP
Electron transfer, e.g.,
NADH O2, is
monitored by the rate
time
of O2 disappearance.
Above is represented an O2 electrode recording while
mitochondria respire in the presence of Pi and an e donor
(succinate or a substrate of a reaction to generate NADH).
The dependence of respiration rate on availability of ADP,
the ATP Synthase substrate, is called respiratory control.
a ADP added
b ADP all
[O2] c
converted
to ATP
time
NO2
NO2
2,4-dinitrophenol
2 e
I Q III IV uncoupler
+ + cyt c
4H 4H 2H+ H+
Intermembrane Space
2 e
I Q III IV uncoupler
+ + cyt c
4H 4H 2H+ H+
Intermembrane Space
F1
3 H+
matrix
Fo
intermembrane
space