Typical Spread

Footing
Shallow
Foundations
Deep Foundations

• Used for large buildings

• Piles
• Caissons
• Deep wall foundations (slurry walls)
• Mats
Parts of a
Pile
Classification of
Piles
•Material
• Wood
• Steel
• Concrete
• Composition
Classification of Piles
(cont.)
•Method of placement
• Driving
• Drop
• Mechanical
• Steam
• Compressed air
• Internal combustion
• Vibratory
• Pouring into predrilled shafts
Classification of Piles
(cont.)
•Method of Bearing
• Bearing piles
• Friction piles
• Friction-plus-bearing piles
• Sheet piles
Pile
Cap

• If two or more piles are located at the same bearing area they
MUST be connected by a pile cap.
Pile
Cap
Pile Cap With Isolator
Pad
Wood
Piles
• 80’ lengths are not uncommon
• Tip diameter 6”
• Head diameter 20”
• Indefinite life expectancy below groundwater level
• They are light
• They have greater friction
Concrete
Piles
• Cast-in-place
• Shell type
• Shell-less type
• Precast
• Round
• Square
• Hexagon
• Octagon
Simple Shell-less
Pile

• Drill a hole, reinforce, and pour in concrete

Shell-less
Pile
Button-bottom Pile

• Steel shelled pile, has increased bearing, used in high

compression soils
Swaged
Pile

• Steel shell with precast concrete plug used when

driving into difficult soil conditions
Precast Reinforced Piles

•Usually 16’ sections

•Very expensive in lengths over 55’
•Hollow in center to allow water jet
assistance
Precast
Pile
Precast
Pile
Steel Piles

•Primarily used for loads under friction

resistance
•Driven in clusters with a pile cap on
top
•Range in diameters from 8” to 72”
Steel
Piles
Steel
Piles
Composite
Piles
• Wood and concrete are the most common
• Wood pile is driven down to ground level
• Top fitted with steel casing
• Driven down to desired depth
• Concrete is poured in the shell
Composite
Pile
Caisson
s
• Complete bearing unit
• Up to 10’ diameter hole borings
• Depths of over 150’
• Drilled caissons can be 24” to 42” in diameter with
depths of over 200’
• Metal shell, box, or casing is placed in hole,
reinforcing, and cast-in-place concrete
Belling of Piles and
Caissons
Belling a
Pile
Driving a
Pile
Vibrating a
Pile

• A pile that would take an hour to drive, can be placed

in 2-3 minutes with a vibratory hammer.
Cofferdam
s
• Temporary boxlike structure used to hold back water or earth while
work is being done inside.
• It is later removed for reuse.
Soil
Compaction
• Vibrate the soil during saturation to move, shake, and float particles
to the desired density
• Holes are backfilled with gravel or crushed stone and compacted
until they are consolidated to structural bearing capacity