14.

1-1

Pressures

1
 API Power Law Model API RP 13D

K = consistency index
n = flow behaviour index
=K n

SHEAR
STRESS

psi

0
SHEAR RATE,  , sec-1
2
Rotating Sleeve Viscometer
(RPM * 1.703)

VISCOMETER SHEAR RATE

RPM sec -1
3 5.11
ANNULUS
100 170.3
BOB
300 DRILL 511
600 STRING 1022

SLEEVE

3
 Pressure Drop Calculations
• Example Calculate the pump pressure in
the wellbore shown on the next page, using the
API method.

• The relevant rotational viscometer readings

are as follows:
• R3 = 3 (at 3 RPM)
• R100 = 20 (at 100 RPM)
• R300 = 39 (at 300 RPM)
• R600 = 65 (at 600 RPM)
4
 PPUMP
Pressure Drop
Calculations

Q = 280 gal/min
 = 12.5 lb/gal

PPUMP = PDP + PDC

+ PBIT NOZZLES

+ PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN

+ PHYD
5
 OD = 4.5 in
Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
Power-Law Constant (n):
 R 600   65 
n  3.32 log    3.32 log    0.737
 R 300   39 

Fluid Consistency Index (K):

5.11 R600 5.11 * 65 dyne sec n
K  n
 0.737
 2.017
1,022 cm 2
1,022
Average Bulk Velocity in Pipe (V):
0.408Q 0.408 * 280 ft
V    8.00
D2 3.78 2
sec
6
 OD = 4.5 in
Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
Effective Viscosity in Pipe (e):
n 1 n
 96 V   3n  1
 e  100 K    
 4n 
 D   
0.737 1 0.737
 96 * 8   3 * 0.737  1
 e  100 * 2.017      53 cP
 3.78   4 * 0.737 

Reynolds Number in Pipe (NRe):

928 D V 928 * 3.78 * 8.00 * 12.5

NRe    6,616
e 53

7
 OD = 4.5 in
Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
NOTE: NRe > 2,100, so a
f 
Friction Factor in Pipe (f): NRe
b

log n  3.93 log 0.737  3.93

a   0.0759
50 50

1.75  log n 1.75  log 0.737

b   0.2690
7 7

a 0.0759
So, f  b
 0.2690
 0.007126
NRe 6,616
8
 OD = 4.5 in
Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
Friction Pressure Gradient (dP/dL) :
2
 dP  f V  0.007126 * 8 2 * 12.5 psi
     0.05837
 dL  25.81 D 25.81 * 3.78 ft

Friction Pressure Drop in Drill Pipe :

 dP 
P    L  0.05837 * 11,400
 dL 

Pdp = 665 psi

9
 OD = 6.5 in
Pressure Drop In Drill Collars ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft
Power-Law Constant (n):
 R 600   65 
n  3.32 log    3.32 log    0.737
 R 300   39 

Fluid Consistency Index (K):

5.11R 600 5.11 * 65 dyne sec n
K n
 0.737
 2.017
1,022 1,022 cm2

Average Bulk Velocity inside Drill Collars (V):

0.408 Q 0.408 * 280 ft
V   18.28
D2 2.5 2
sec
10
 OD = 6.5 in
Pressure Drop In Drill Collars ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft
Effective Viscosity in Collars(e):
n 1 n
 96 V   3n  1
 e  100 K    
 D   4n 
0.737 1 0.737
 96 * 18.28   3 * 0.737  1
 e  100 * 2.017      38.21 cP
 2. 5   4 * 0.737 

Reynolds Number in Collars (NRe):

928 D V  928 * 2.5 * 18.28 * 12.5

NRe    13,870
e 38.21
11
 OD = 6.5 in
Pressure Drop In Drill Collars ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft
NOTE: NRe > 2,100, so a
f 
Friction Factor in DC (f): NRe
b

log n  3.93 log 0.737  3.93

a   0.0759
50 50

1.75  log n 1.75  log 0.737

b   0.2690
7 7

a 0.0759
So, f  b
 0.2690
 0.005840
NRe 13,870
12
 OD = 6.5 in
Pressure Drop In Drill Collars ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft
Friction Pressure Gradient (dP/dL) :

2
 dP  f V  0.005840 * 18.28 2 * 12.5 psi
     0.3780
 dL  25.81 D 25.81 * 2.5 ft

Friction Pressure Drop in Drill Collars :

 dP 
P    L  0.3780 * 600
 dL 

Pdc = 227 psi

13
 Pressure Drop across Nozzles

DN1 = 11 32nds (in)

156  Q2
P 
D
N1
2 2
 DN2  DN3
2
 2 DN2 = 11 32nds (in)
DN3 = 12 32nds (in)

156 * 12.5 * 280 2

P 
11 2
 11  12
2

2 2

PNozzles = 1,026 psi

14
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE
Annulus

Q = gal/min

 = lb/gal 8.5 in

DHOLE = 8.5 in
ODDC = 6.5 in
L = 600 ft

15
 Pressure Drop DHOLE = 8.5 in
in DC/HOLE Annulus ODDC = 6.5 in
L = 600 ft
Power-Law Constant (n):
R   20 
n  0.657 log  100   0.657 log    0.5413
 R3   3 

Fluid Consistency Index (K):

5.11R100 5.11 * 20 dyne sec n
K  n
 0.5413
 6.336
170.2 170.2 cm2

Average Bulk Velocity in DC/HOLE Annulus (V):

0.408Q 0.408 * 280 ft
V    3.808
2
D2  D1
2
8 . 5  6 .5
2 2
sec
16
 Pressure Drop DHOLE = 8.5 in
in DC/HOLE Annulus ODDC = 6.5 in
L = 600 ft
Effective Viscosity in Annulus (e):
n 1 n
 144 V   2n  1
 e  100 K    
 3n 
 D2  D1   

0.5413 1 0.5413
 144 * 3.808   2 * 0.5413  1
 e  100 * 6.336     55.20 cP
 8 . 5  6. 5   3 * 0.5413 

Reynolds Number in Annulus (NRe):

928  D2  D1  V  928  8.5  6.5  * 3.808 * 12.5
NRe    1,600
e 55.20
17
 Pressure Drop DHOLE = 8.5 in
in DC/HOLE Annulus ODDC = 6.5 in
L = 600 ft
NOTE: NRe < 2,100
Friction Factor in Annulus (f):
24 24
f    0.01500
NRe 1,600

2
 dP  f V  0.01500 * 3.808 2 * 12 .5 psi
    0.05266
 dL  25.81 D2  D1  25.81  8.5  6.5  ft

 dP 
P    L  0.05266 * 600
 dL 

So, Pdc/hole = 31.6 psi

18
 Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus

q = gal/min

 = lb/gal

DHOLE = 8.5 in
ODDP = 4.5 in
L = 11,400 ft

19
 Pressure Drop DHOLE = 8.5 in
ODDP = 4.5 in
in DP/HOLE Annulus L = 11,400 ft
Power-Law Constant (n):
 R100   20 
n  0.657 log    0.657 log    0.5413
 R3   3 

Fluid Consistency Index (K):

5.11R100 5.11 * 20 dyne sec n

K  n
 0.5413
 6.336
170.2 170.2 cm2

Average Bulk Velocity in Annulus (Va):

0.408 Q 0.408 * 280 ft
V  2   2.197
D2  D1
2
8 .5  4 .5
2 2
sec
20
 Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
Effective Viscosity in Annulus (e):
n 1 n
 144 V   2n  1
 e  100 K    
 D2  D1   3n 
0.5413 1 0.5413
 144 * 2.197   2 * 0.5413  1
 e  100 * 6.336     97.64 cP
 8. 5  4 .5   3 * 0.5413 

Reynolds Number in Annulus (NRe):

928  D2  D1  V  928  8.5  4.5  * 2.197 * 12.5

NRe    1,044
e 97.64
21
 Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
NOTE: NRe < 2,100
Friction Factor in Annulus (f):
24 24
f   0.02299
NRe 1,044

2
 dP  fV  0.02299 * 2.197 2 * 12.5 psi
     0.01343
 dL  25.81 D2  D1  25.81 8.5  4.5  ft

 dP 
P    L  0.01343 * 11,400
 dL 

So, Pdp/hole = 153.2

psi psi
22
 Pressure Drop Calcs.
- SUMMARY -

PPUMP = PDP + PDC + PBIT NOZZLES

+ PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN + PHYD

PPUMP = 665 + 227 + 1,026

+ 32 + 153 + 0

PPUMP = 1,918 + 185 = 2,103 psi

23
 2,103 psi
PPUMP = PDS + PANN + PHYD

P
PDS = PDP + PDC + PBIT NOZZLES =
0
= 665 + 227 + 1,026 = 1,918 psi

PANN = PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN

= 32 + 153 = 185

PHYD = 0

PPUMP = 1,918 + 185

= 2,103 psi
24
 "Friction" Pressures

2,500
DRILLPIPE
2,000
"Friction" Pressure, psi

1,500
DRILL COLLARS

1,000
BIT NOZZLES

500 ANNULUS

0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Cumulative Distance from Standpipe, ft
25
 Hydrostatic Pressures in the Wellbore

9,000
BHP
8,000
Hydrostatic Pressure, psi

7,000
6,000
DRILLSTRING ANNULUS
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Cumulative Distance from Standpipe, ft
26
 Pressures in the Wellbore

10,000
9,000
8,000
CIRCULATING
7,000
Pressures, psi

6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
STATIC
1,000
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Cumulative Distance from Standpipe, ft
27
 Wellbore Pressure Profile

2,000
DRILLSTRING
4,000
Depth, ft

6,000
ANNULUS
8,000

10,000

(Static)
12,000
BIT
14,000
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Pressure, psi 28
 Pipe Flow - Laminar
In the above example the flow down the
drillpipe was turbulent.
Under conditions of very high viscosity,
the flow may very well be laminar.

NOTE: if NRe < 2,100, then

Friction Factor in Pipe (f):
2
16  dP  f V 
Then f  and   
NRe  dL  25.81 D

29