Chapter-5

The Laws of Motion

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 Lecture Outlines

• Force
• Newton’s First Law
• Mass and Inertia
• Newton’s Second Law
• The Gravitational force and weight
• Newton’s Third Law
• Normal and Tension Force
• Force of Friction

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 5.1 The Concept of Force
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When you push your empty dinner plate away, you exert a
force on it. Similarly, you exert a force on a ball when you
throw or kick it.
Force is a push or pull on an object to change its position.

Forces do not always cause motion. For example, when you are
sitting, a gravitational force acts on your body and yet you
remain stationary.
 Compare?

Contact forces: involve physical

contact between two objects.

Field forces: does not involve physical contact between two

objects. These forces act through empty space.
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 Force: Net force:
Is the push or a pull on
an object.
Is the combination
of all
forces acting on that
object.
5N
(5 + 5 = 10 N) 10N
5N

5N 5N (5 _ 5 = 0 N) 0N

5N 10N (10 _ 5 = 5 N) 5N

5
  
tanθ=

  F=

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Free body diagram

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 Newton´s First law of motion
In the absence of external forces an object at rest
remains at rest and an object in motion
continues in motion with a constant velocity
(that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).

Newton´s
First law
can be
called law
of inertia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCxxH8nQtZQ

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 Mass and Inertia

What is inertia?
Is the tendency of an object to remain at rest if it’s already at
rest , or to keep moving if it’s already moving.
Or
Is the property of matter that resists change in motion.

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 How do we measure Inertia?

MASS

 A measure of the resistance of an object to

changes in its motion due to a force
 Scalar
 SI units are kg

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An object with a large amount An object with a small amount of
of inertia requires a large inertia requires a small
amount of force to start amount of force to start
or stop. or stop.
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Newton’s First Law = Law of Inertia

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

If the net force Fnet = 0 , then an object of mass will move

with acceleration a.
a= F or F=ma
m
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the
net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass

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Unit of Force

The force is measured in Newton (N)

F =m x a
=(kg) x m/s²
=(N)

One Newton : The force required to accelerate a 1kg

mass by 1 m/s².

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If an object has
more mass it
accelerates at a
lower rate
because mass
has inertia.

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The Gravitational Force and Weight
Is a measure of the amount of
gravitational force acting on an
object having mass (m).

It is directed downward

toward the center of earth and
represents the weight of the
object w .

Fg = mg

Where ( g=9.8 m/s²)

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Is mass the same as weight?

NO
mass weight
Scalar Vector
SI unit is kg SI unit is Newton
Measures Inertia Measures pull of gravity

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Newton’s Third Law

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Example:

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Tension Force
Tension force is a contact force (pull) provided by a string,
rope, or wire on an object.

The direction of the tension T in the direction of the rope.

Credit: “Physics for scientists and engineers a strategic approach,” by

Randall D. Knight Pearson-Addison Wesley 2004.

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Normal Force
Normal force n is force provided by a surface (table or wall,
for example) against an object that is pressing on the
surface.

Normal force is always points vertically upward to the

surface.

Credit: “Physics for scientists and engineers a strategic approach,” by

Randall D. Knight, Pearson- Addison Wesley 2004.

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Example:

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 Friction Force

When an object is in motion on a surface or in a viscous

medium such as water and air, there will be a resistance to
the motion.

This is due to the interactions between the object and its

.environment

This resistance is called the

force of friction

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Static Frictional Force:
If the body does not slide, the frictional force is a static frictional force.

The magnitude of the force of static friction

between any two surfaces in contact
can have the values

Where,

• μs is dimensionless constant called the

coefficient of static friction

• n is the magnitude of the normal force

exerted by one surface on the other.

• The equality in the equation holds when

the surfaces are on the verge of slipping

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Kinetic Frictional Force:
If the body is sliding, the frictional force is a kinetic frictional force

The magnitude of the force of kinetic

friction acting between two surfaces is

where,

μk is the coefficient of kinetic friction.

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Some Coefficients of Friction

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Advantages of Friction

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Identify the forces acting on the object

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 Friction

a) Always acts parallel to the surface of contact and

opposite to the direction of motion.

b) Acts in the direction of motion.

c) Is smaller when starting than moving.

d) In reality, there is no friction force.

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Classwork Problems

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Problem
  22
A object is moving in a plane, with its x and y coordinates given by and , where x and y are in
meters and t is in seconds. Find the magnitude of the net force acting on this object at .

   

𝐹 𝐹
  𝑦 =𝑚 𝑎 𝑦 =3 ×36=108 𝑁
  𝑥 =𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 =3 ×10=30 𝑁

2 2 2 2
|𝐹|=√ 𝐹 𝑥 +𝐹 𝑦 =√ 30 +108 =112 𝑁
 ⃗

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Problem
  28
An object of mass placed on a frictionless, horizontal table is connected to a string that passes
over a pulley and then is fastened to a hanging object of mass as shown in Figure P5.28.
(a) Draw free-body diagrams of both objects.
(b) Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the objects and
(c) Find the tension in the string.

First, consider the block moving along the horizontal. The only force in
the direction of movement is T. Thus, ∑F = ma x

     T = 5 a ----(1)

Next consider the block that moves vertically. The forces on it are the
tension T and its weight, 88.2 N.
We have                             ΣF =ma
y

                                  88.2 N-T = 9 a-----(2)

Note that both blocks must have the same magnitude of acceleration.
Equations (1) and (2) can be added to give    88.2 N = 14 a . Then

                                                        a = 88.214=6.3 m/s2

T= 5a = 5×6.3 = 31.5 N
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Problem 37
A rifle bullet with a mass of 12.0 g traveling toward the right at 260 m/s
strikes a large bag of sand and penetrates it to a depth of 23.0 cm. Determine
the magnitude and direction of the friction force (assumed constant) that acts
on the bullet.

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Assignment Problems

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Problem
  1
object undergoes an acceleration given by . Find (a) the resultant force acting on
the object and (b) the magnitude of the resultant force.

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Problem 47
Two blocks connected by a rope of negligible mass are being
dragged by a horizontal force (Fig. P5.47). Suppose F = 68.0 N, m1 =
12.0 kg, m2 = 18.0 kg, and the coefficient of kinetic friction
between each block and the surface is 0.100.
(a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block.
(b) Determine the acceleration of the system and
(c) the tension T in the rope

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