In this chapter we will introduce the following concepts:

7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force

7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force

7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem

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Consider a particle being displaced along the x axis under the
action of a force that varies with position. The particle is
displaced from 𝒙𝒊 to 𝒙𝒇 . In such a situation, we cannot use

because this relationship applies only when F is constant in

magnitude and direction.

If more than one force acts on a system

then the total work done on the system is
just the work done by the net force.

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If the block undergoes an arbitrary displacement from 𝒙𝒊
to 𝒙𝒇 , the work done by the spring force on the block is

For an arbitrary displacement of the block, the work done on

the system by the external agent is

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The work done by an external applied force Fapp on a system
consisting of a block connected to the spring is given by the
following equation:

The elastic potential energy function associated with the block–

spring system is defined by

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Conservative Forces

Conservative forces have these two equivalent properties:

1. The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving between any

two points is independent of the path taken by the particle.

2. The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving through any

closed path is zero. (A closed path is one for which the beginning point and
the endpoint are identical.)

Non-conservative Forces
A force is non conservative if it does not satisfy properties 1 and 2 for
conservative forces. We define the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of a
system as the mechanical energy of the system:

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 HW

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 HW

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