BANDWITH

BANDWITH
In computer networks, bandwidth
is used as a synonym for data
transfer rate.
That is the amount of data that can
be carried from one point to
another on a network in a given
time period (usually a second).
 BANDWITH
Network bandwidth is usually expressed
in bits per second (bps);
Modern networks typically have speeds
measured in the
millions of bits per second (megabits per second, or Mbps)
or
 billions of bits per second (gigabits per second, or Gbps).

For analog devices, the bandwidth is

expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz
(Hz).
 BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth Is a Lot Like Plumbing.
Data is to available bandwidth as water is to
the size of the pipe.
In other words, as the bandwidth increases so
does the amount of data that can flow through
in a given amount of time,
Just like as the diameter of the pipe increases,
so does the amount of water that can flow
through during a period of time.
 BANDWIDTH
Say you're streaming a movie, someone
else is playing an online multiplayer video
game,
and a couple others on your same
network are downloading files or using
their phones to watch online videos.
It's likely that everyone will feel that
things are a bit sluggish if not constantly
starting and stopping. This has to do with
 BANDWIDTH
To return to the plumbing analogy,
 Assuming the water pipe to a home (the
bandwidth) remains the same size, as the home's
faucets and showers are turned on (data
downloads to the devices being used),
the water pressure at each point (the
perceived "speed" at each device) will reduce
 Again, because there's only so much water
(bandwidth) available to the home (your
network).
 BANDWITH
Note that bandwidth is not the only
factor that affects network
performance:
There is also packet
loss, latency and jitter, all of which
degrade network  throughput and
makes a link perform like one with
lower bandwidth. 
BANDWITH
A network path usually consists
of a succession of links, each
with its own bandwidth, so the
end-to-end bandwidth is limited
to the bandwidth of the lowest
speed link (the bottleneck).
 THROUGHPUT
In data transmission, network
throughput is the amount of data
moved successfully from one place to
another in a given time period.
Typically measured in bits per second
(bps), as in megabits per second
(Mbps) or gigabits per second (Gbps).
 Latency
Latency is the amount of time a
message takes to traverse a system.
 In a computer network, it is an
expression of how much time it takes
for a packet of data to get from one
designated point to another.
 It is sometimes measured as the time
required for a packet to be returned to its
sender.
 Packet loss
Packet loss occurs when one or
more packets of data travelling across a
computer network fail to reach their
destination. 
Packet loss is typically caused
by network congestion. 
It is measured as a percentage of packets lost
with respect to packets sent.
 Packet loss
Packet loss can be caused by a
variety of factors including
Network congestion
Faulty network components such as
hardware or drivers
Corrupted packets within the
transmission.
 Packet loss
If the transmission experiences
packet loss, it may cause the
following:
Jitter in video conferences
Gaps in audio during VoIP
communications
Performance issues when
 Packet loss
To recover from packet loss, data
must be retransmitted to the
destination to complete requests
successfully.
The amount of data retransmitted
per flow is used to calculate the
Network Efficiency metric
Efficiency
= 100% * (transferred - retransmitted) /
transferred

Network Loss = 100 - Efficiency

JITTER
Jitter is defined as a variation
in the delay of received packets.
The sending side transmits
packets in a continuous stream
and spaces them evenly apart.
 JITTER
Because of network congestion,
improper queuing, or
configuration errors, the delay
between packets can vary instead
of remaining constant, as shown
in the figure.
Jitter
Bandwidth limits
the number of those
conversations that can be
supported.
Latency drives
the responsiveness of
the network - how fast
each conversation can
be had.  
For TCP/IP
networks, latency also drives the
maximum throughput of a
conversation (how much data can
be transmitted by each
conversation in a given time).
CALCULATING THE
THROUGHPUT OF A
NETWORK.
CALCULATING THE
SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO