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Chapter 7
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Types of Trusses
• In a reverse way if the forces in all the
diagonal members are tensile while the forces
in all the vertical members are compressive,
the truss is called Pratt Truss.
• The difference between these two trusses is
only the orientation of the diagonals in relation
to the applied loads.
• For all the given trusses, the loads are in
general applied at the top chord.
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Type-I Trusses
Queen Post ( L ≤ 12 m)
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Type-I Trusses
Upper Chord
Slope
h = rise
ø
L= span
Lower Chord
King Post ( L ≤ 12 m)
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Type-I Trusses
Fink Truss ( L = 8 - 10 m)
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Type-I Trusses
Fan Truss ( L = 10 - 15 m)
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Type-I Trusses
Bowstring Truss
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Type-I Trusses
h = rise
r
Pratt Truss ( L = 10 - 30 m)
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Type-I Trusses
Howe Truss ( L = 10 - 30 m)
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Type-I Trusses
Glass
Monitor Truss ( L = 10 - 15 m) 23
Type-II Trusses
L/8
L/12
Warren Truss ( L ≤ 45 m)
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Type-II Trusses
K - Truss ( L ≤ 60 m)
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Type-II Trusses
Warren ( L ≤ 40 m)
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Type-II Trusses
Cantilever Truss ( L ≤ 60 m)
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Terms Related With Trusses
Pitch of a Roof Truss
Pitch of a roof truss is defined as the maximum
rise of top chord of the truss (h) divided by the
total span of the truss (L). For symmetrical
trusses the pitch is equal to double the
inclination of the top chord.
Pitch = h / L
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Pitch of a Roof Truss
h = rise
L= span
Pitch = h / L
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Inclination of a Roof Truss
The slope (tan θ) or angle (θ) of top chord of a
truss with respect to the horizontal is called
inclination of the truss. For un-symmetrical
trusses, inclination may be completely
independent of the pitch of the trusses.
For Type-I trusses, θ ≤ 60°
(most suitable range 20° -30°)
For Type-II trusses, θ ≤ 10°
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Inclination of a Roof Truss
Slope
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Height / Rise of Truss
The maximum height of the truss (h) with
respect to the ends of the bottom chord is
called height or rise of the truss. The highest
point is called crown of the truss.
h = rise
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Panel Length
In case of roof trusses, the distance between
two consecutive top chord joints is known as
the panel length.
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Purlins
The span of these beams is equal to the centre-
to-centre spacing of the trusses.
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Purlins
The purlins may consist of angle sections,
channel sections or I-sections.
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Purlins
Because of the inclination of the roof, a
component of load acts along both the
centroidal axes of the member producing both
in plane and lateral bending known as double
or biaxial bending.
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Clip or Cleat Angles
These angles are previously bolted, riveted, or
welded to the top chord above which the
purlins may rest while it is being fastened to
the truss.
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Sag Rods
When channels are used for purlins, it is good
design practice to use sag rods to take the
tangential component of the roof loads.
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Roof Covering / Sheathing
Light roofing:
Corrugated Galvanized Iron (G.I) sheets
Corrugated Asbestos Cement Concrete (A.C.C.)
sheets
Heavy roofing: Clay or cement tiles
Gypsum tiles
Slate tiles
Tar plus gravel
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J-Bolt
J-bolt, also called hook bolt, is a bolt in the
form of letter “J” used to fix roof-sheathing or
wall sheathing to purlins and other structural
members.
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Eave
The end of truss lower in level along with its
support is called eave of the truss.
Eave’s Gutter
A channel is provided at eave-level to collect
rain-water which is called eave’s gutter.
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Rafter
Sometimes beams in addition to purlins (in a
perpendicular direction) are provided to
support the roof called rafters.
Strut
Relatively short length columns without the
chances of buckling are called struts.
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Spacing of Roof Trusses
The average spacing of trusses is given in
Table 7.1.
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Truss T-2
s
Truss T-1
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a) Elevation of Truss
s/2
s
p/2 p/2
b) Part-Plan of
Truss Roof
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The End
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