SEMINAR-2: BASED ON REVIEW OF

RESEARCH PUBLICATION/PATENTS
19CH7DCSR2
 Presentation 2
TOPIC:CITRIC ACID PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER
NAME USN
MANASA SAI ALLAVARAPU 1BM18CH024

Faculty Coordinator: Mr. SOUMEN PANDA

Department of Chemical Engineering
B.M.S. College of Engineering
(Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to VTU)
Bengaluru-560019
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SL. PAPER TITLE, AUTHORS, OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH WORK MATERIALS AND METHODS
NO YEAR OF PUBLICATION, DONE
. JOURNAL DETAIL (ABSTRACT)

1. TITLE: An Experimental • The present study made an • Aspergillus niger was isolated and identified
Study on Citric Acid attempt to produce citric acid by by lactophenol cotton blue (LCB) mount
Production by Aspergillus the fungal strain Aspergillus method.
niger Using Gelidiella niger from red seaweed Gelidiella • The seaweed was shade-dried for several
acerosa as a Substrate acerosa days, powdered mechanically & tested for anti
•  In this study three types of fungal activity against A. niger.
AUTHOR: production media were prepared • A loop-full of fungal spores From the 7-days-
Thangavelu Ramesh and  and studied. old fungal culture, was transferred to 5 ml of
Murugaiyan Kalaiselvam • In economic point of view, the the sterile Potato dextrose broth and kept in
medium containing seaweed and rotary shaker for pellets formation which was
JOURNAL: 10% sucrose showed more benefit then sterilized and cooled.
Indian J Microbiol. 2011 with lower cost. • Inoculum was prepared & placed in water
July bath shaker at 30°C and 200 rpm for 10 days
for proper aeration and was later checked for
pH every 2 days.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, BMSCE 2

 LITERATURE REVIEW-1
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
• The gradual reduction of pH indicated the production of citric acid.
•  the factors affecting CA production by fermentation includes the nutrient composition of the media,
environmental conditions, deficiency of manganese, types and concentration of sugars, chelating effect on
metal ions, ammonium nitrate and aeration.
• Nitrogen is a limiting factor in the citric acid production. Citric acid starts to appear when the nitrogen
concentration falls below a low limiting value.

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES(CONCLUSION):
• The control medium gave highest yield about 80 g l−1 at pH 1.5 with the cost of Rs.77 .
• The medium containing the crude seaweed powder gave 30 g l−1 at pH 3.5 with the cost of Rs.28.
• The medium containing crude seaweed powder and 10% sucrose with other compositions gave the yield of
about 50 g l−1 at pH 3.0 with the cost of Rs.35.
• The seaweed has been proved to have the ability to produce citric acid and it can be used as alternate
source of sugar substrate for citric acid production.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, BMSCE 3
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SL.N PAPER TITLE, OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH WORK DONE MATERIALS AND METHODS
O. AUTHORS, (ABSTRACT)
YEAR OF
PUBLICATION,
JOURNAL DETAIL

2. TITLE: Citric acid • Fermentation results in the breakdown The work basically includes two types of
production from cane, of complex organic substances into fermentation viz. surface and submerged
molasses using simpler ones through catalysis. fermentation.
submerged • Production of citric acid from fungal • Culture selection and maintenance
fermentation by strain of Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142, • Sub culturing of Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger using various sources like cane • Treatment of raw material
ATCC9142 molasses, beet molasses, sweet potato • Inoculum’s preparation
and grape sugar by employing • Fermentation
AUTHORS: Chaturvedi submerged and surface fermentation & • Growth form
Madhusudan, Chugh recovery through precipitation, • Post fermentation procedure
M Rishi2, Manoj Singh extraction and adsorption • Charcoal Treatment
• The main aim is to achieve cost • Preparation of chromatography column
JOURNAL: Journal of reduction by using less expensive • Ion exchange Resin treatment
Pharmacy Research, substrates. • Purity and Yield Calculation
January 2010

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, BMSCE 4

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
• Basis of work done ,it can be predicted that citric acid production by fermentation of molasses and
other liquid citrus cannery wastes is entirely feasible.
• The sugar concentration decreased throughout the fermentation period.
• Factors affecting the fermentation Process are Medium Constituents , Environmental conditions etc.

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES(CONCLUSION):
• A successful process depends on an appropriate strain and optimization of fermentation parameters.
• cultural conditions such as sugar concentration, time profile of citric acid synthesis, incubation
temperature, initial pH, agitation intensity and air supply were optimized by Aspergillus niger ATCC
9142.
• Analysis report stated that maximum production of citric acid (106.65 g/l) with a yield % of 39.44 was
obtained.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, BMSCE 5

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SL. PAPER TITLE, AUTHORS, OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH WORK DONE MATERIALS AND METHODS
NO YEAR OF PUBLICATION, (ABSTRACT)
. JOURNAL DETAIL

3. TITLE: Citric Acid • Treating molasses for economic value. • Materials and Tools :Materials used is
Production From • The purpose is to determine the effect of molasses (20% v/v), KH2PO4,
Molasses Use fermentation time on the production of (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4.7H2O, MgO,
Biosynthesis Aspergillus citric acid. Ca(OH)2, CuNO3.7H2O and Aspergillus
Niger • The variables used were fermentation time Terreus. Tools used aerobic fermenter,
of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days. incubator, oven, autoclave, desiccator,
AUTHORS: Marlinda, • Molasses of 250 ml were incorporated into rotary evaporator, gas chromatography.
Mardhiyah N, M. Irwan, a fermentor with 500 ml of nutrient solution • Breeding of Aspergillus Terreus in
Ramli and 16 ml of Aspergillus Niger. Fermentation Liquid Media
done under aerobic conditions. • Citric Acid Production by fermentation.
Journal: International • The concentration of citric acid was • Determination of Citric Acid by gas
Journal of Scientific & analyzed by using gas chromatography & chromatography
Technology Research the best result of citric acid was obtained at
Volume 8, Issue 06, June fermentation time of 9 days as much as
2019 72.3958 g/L.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, BMSCE 6

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
• The longer fermentation time will increase the number of Aspergillus Niger cells.
• smaller glucose concentration ,the concentration of citric acid increase.

MEASURABLE OUTCOMES(CONCLUSION):
• The optimum time of the fermentation of the molasses substrate using Aspergillus Niger
that obtained was 6 days with the amount of Citric Acid 68,7 g and concentration citrate
acid 72,3958 g/L.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, BMSCE 7

 CONCLUSION AND COMMENTS
CONCLUSION:
1. The 1st research paper made an attempt to produce citric acid by the fungal strain Aspergillus niger from
red seaweed Gelidiella acerosa as best alternative to sugar substrate and concluded that the medium
containing seaweed and 10% sucrose showed more benefit with lower cost.
2. The 2nd research paper told how fermentation is used to produce citric acid using various sources like cane
molasses, beet molasses, sweet potato and grape sugar. It predicted that citric acid can be produced from
molasses and liquid citrus cannery wastes to reduce substrate cost.
3. In the last research paper it was concluded by stating how fermentation time effects the production of
citric acid. The longer fermentation time will increase the number of Aspergillus Niger cells and reduce
the glucose concentration leading to increase in citric acid concentration. The optimum time of the
fermentation of the molasses was experimentally found and verified.

COMMENTS ON UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE RESEARCH WORK:

4. Second research paper is ideal as it clear and precise along with fulfilling all the criterias of a good
research paper. It included literature review whereas 1st and 3rd paper didn’t include literature review.
5. One major drawback in 3rd paper is not mentioning the cost analysis.
6. Every research paper tried to produce citric acid by the fungal strain Aspergillus niger through various
methods by fermenting and it succeeded as OF
DEPARTMENT well.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, BMSCE 8
 REFERENCES
[1] Thangavelu Ramesh, Murugaiyan Kalaiselvam, “An Experimental Study on Citric Acid
Production by Aspergillus niger Using Gelidiella acerosa as a Substrate,”
Indian J Microbiol., vol.51(3): 289–293, July 2011  

[2] Chaturvedi Madhusudan, Chugh M Rishi2, Manoj Singh,” Citric acid production from
cane, molasses using submerged fermentation by Aspergillus niger ATCC9142,” Journal
of Pharmacy Research, Vol.3.Issue 6, ISSN: 0974-6943, June 2010

[3] Marlinda, Mardhiyah N, M. Irwan, Ramli,” Citric Acid Production From Molasses Use
Biosynthesis Aspergillus niger ,” International Journal of Scientific & Technology
Research Volume 8, Issue 06, ISSN 2277-8616, June 2019

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, BMSCE 9

THANK YOU

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, BMSCE 10