LITERATURE

REVIEW
 DEFINITION
• According to The Joint National Committee on
Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of
High Blood Pressure (JNC) hypertension is a progressive
syndrome or cardiovascular symptom, as a result of other
complex and interconnected conditions.
• Based on the cause, hypertension is divided into 2
groups, namely primary hypertension which is causes are
unknown or idiopathic and secondary hypertension,
namely hypertension caused by other diseases.
 ETIOLOGY
1. Essential Hypertension
• Hypertension without clear pathological basis
abnormalities.
• More than 90% of cases are essential hypertension.
• The causes of hypertension include genetic and
environmental factors.
• Genetic factors affect sensitivity to sodium, sensitivity to
stress, reactivity of blood vessels to vasoconstrictors,
insulin resistance and others.
• While those that include environmental factors include
diet, smoking habits, emotional stress, obesity and others
2. Secondary Hypertension
• Covering 5-10% of cases of hypertension is secondary
hypertension from comorbid diseases or certain drugs
that can increase blood pressure.
• In most cases, renal dysfunction due to chronic kidney
disease or renovascular disease is the most frequent
secondary cause
 EPIDEMIOLOGY
• An estimated 80% increase in cases of hypertension, especially in
developing countries in 2025 from a total of 639 million cases in
2000, is estimated to be 1.15 billion cases in 2025.
• This prediction is based on the current rates of hypertension
sufferers and current population increase .
• The prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia has been collected
and shows that in rural areas there are still many sufferers who
have not been reached by health services.
• Both in terms of case finding and treatment management.
• The highest prevalence ranges from 6 to 15%, but a low
prevalence rate is in Ungaran, Central Java at 1.8% and the Jaya
Wijaya Mountains Balim Valley, Irian Jaya at 0.6% while the
highest prevalence rate in Talang Sumatera Barat 17, 8%
CLASSIFICATION
Things that affect
hypertension
1. AGE
2. GENDER
3. GENETIC
4. ETHNIC
5. OBESITY
6. NATRIUM CONSUMPTION
7. STRESS
8. SMOKE
9. ALCOHOL
10. LACK OF EXCERCISE
 Hypertension in terms of socio-
economic
• Socio-Economic Status People with uncontrolled blood
pressure are usually associated with a lack of socio-
economic status.
• The type of work affects the high or low income. Low
income will affect education, access to health services, and
ownership of free payment insurance.
• However, socio-economic status is not the cause of
significant uncontrolled blood pressure.
• The NHANES III study reported that in 92% of people with
uncontrolled hypertension, 86% reported taking care to
health services independently without insurance or free
payment
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
• Hypertension is a syndrome or progressive collection of
cardiovascular symptoms, as a result of other complex and
interconnected conditions.
• Based on the cause, hypertension is divided into 2 groups,
namely primary hypertension which is not known to cause
or idiopathic and secondary hypertension, namely
hypertension caused by other diseases.
• The etiology of hypertension can be divided into 2,
namely, essential or idiopathic hypertension and secondary
hypertension.
• Hypertension is an increase in blood pressure that gives
symptoms that continue to target a organ, such as stroke
for the brain, coronary heart disease for the blood vessels
of the heart and for the heart muscle
SUGGESTION
Based on the above conclusions, we can put forward the
following suggestions:
• 1. It is hoped that everyone will have their blood pressure
checked in order to anticipate hypertension, especially for
the elderly.
• 2. The best way to avoid high blood pressure is to change
towards a healthy lifestyle, regulate a good diet and
adequate physical activity; like active exercise, regulating
diet or diet such as low salt, low cholesterol and saturated
fat, increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables, not
consuming alcohol and cigarettes.