Ilmu Dasar dalam Keperawatan I

SEMESTER AWAL 2017/2018

Dasar-dasar biokimia enzim

Ika Yustisia
Departemen Biokimia FK UNHAS
Email: ikayustisia@gmail.com
 Outline and objectives
• Definition
• Nomenclature and classfication
• Mechanism of action
• Factors affecting enzyme activity
• Introduction to isoenzymes
 Definition
The enzymes ‐-­ the catalysts of biological systems
Catalyst is essential to make most critical biochemical reactions
proceed at useful rates under physiological conditions
• Participate in the breakdown of nutrients to
supply energy and chemical building blocks
• The assembly of those building blocks into
proteins, DNA, membranes, cells, and tissues
• The harnessing of energy to power cell motility,
neural function, and muscle contraction.
 Definition
The enzymes ‐-­ the catalysts of biological systems
• The most striking characteristics of enzymes are
their catalytic power and specificity.
• The enzymes that catalyze the conversion of one
or more compounds (substrates) into one or
more different compounds (products) generally
enhance the rates of the corresponding non-­‐
catalyzed reaction by factors of 106 or more.
Definition
 Definition

• Enzymes are specific not simply

for the type of reaction
catalyzed, but also for a single
substrate or a small set of
closely related substrates.
• Enzymes are also stereospecific
catalysts that typically catalyze
reactions of only one
stereoisomer of a given
compound
• Example:
– D-­‐ but not L-­‐glucose
– L-­‐ but not D-­‐amino acids
 Nomenclature and classfication

• Tata nama enzim dibakukan pada tahun 1992

sebagai Enzyme Nomenclature 1992 oleh
International Union of Biochemistry (IUB)
• Setiap enzim memiliki nomor spesifik dan nama
formal yang berakhiran –ase
• Setiap nomor enzim diawali dengan EC (=enzyme
code).
• Contoh: EC. 2.7.1.2 ATP:D-glukosa 6-
fosfotransferase
 Nomenclature and classfication
Selain nomenklatur baku, beberapa enzim memiliki
nama umum yang menunjukkan reaksi yang
dikatalisisnya.
• Contoh:
Nomenklatur resmi: EC. 2.7.1.2 ATP:D-glukosa 6-fosfotransferase
Nama umum: glukokinase
Adapula nama umum enzim yang tidak berakhiran
–ase
• Contoh: pepsin, tripsin, kimotripsin
 Nomenclature and classfication
Class of enzymes
Class 1 Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidation–reduction
reactions
Class 2 Transferases catalyze transfer of functional groups from
one molecule to another
Class 3 Hydrolases catalyze hydrolytic cleavage.
Class 4 Lyases catalyze removal of a group from, or addition of
a group to, a double bond, or other cleavages involving
electron rearrangement
Class 5 Isomerases catalyze intramolecular rearrangement
Class 6 Ligases catalyze reactions in which two molecules are
joined
Nomenclature and classfication
http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/
 Examples
Oxidoreductase
EC 1.1.1.8 glycerol-­‐3-­‐phosphate dehydrogenase
 Examples
DNA polymerase I
EC. 2.7.7.7 2'-
deoxyribonucleoside-5'-
triphosphate:DNA
deoxynucleotidyltransferase 
 Mechanism of action

Coenzyme : loosely bound to enzyme (non-covalently bound).

Cofactor
Prosthetic group : very tightly or even covalently bound to
enzyme
 Coenzymes
√ Many enzymes use ions or small bound molecules
called cofactors or coenzymes to aid in catalysis

√ Organic non-covalent substances, termostable

√ Many essential vitamins are constituents of

coenzymes
 Coenzymes
Organic non-covalent substances, termostable
 Cofactors and metalloenzymes
√ Some enzymes require metal ions for their catalytic
function: 1) held by covalent bonds from amino acid
side chains; 2) bound in a prosthetic group like
heme. Such enzymes are called metalloenzymes
Coenzymes Alcohol dehydrogenase

Prostethic group

Cofactor
Metal ions as cofactors
 Mechanism of action
Enzymes lower a
reaction’s activation
energy
All chemical reactions
have an energy
barrier, called the
activation energy,
separating the
reactants and the
products.
Activation energy:
amount of energy
needed to disrupt
stable molecule so
 Mechanism of action
• Enzymes bind substrates to their active site
and stabilize the transition state of the reaction.
• The active site of the enzyme is the place where the
substrate binds and at which catalysis occurs.
• The active site binds the substrate, forming
an enzyme-­‐substrate (ES) complex.

Binding site
Active site
Catalytic site
Mechanism of action
 Mechanism of action

The lock and key hypothesis

• This explains enzyme
S
E
specificity
• This explains the loss
E
E of activity when
enzymes denature
Enzyme- Enzyme may
be used again
substrate P
complex
P

© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

Reaction coordinate
 Mechanism of action
The Induced Fit Hypothesis

Hexokinase (a) without (b) with glucose substrate

This explains the enzymes that can react with a

range of substrates of similar types
Enzymatic reaction steps

1. Substrate approaches active site

2. Enzyme-­‐substrate complex forms
3. Substrate transformed into products
4. Products released
5. Enzyme recycled
Factors affecting enzyme activity
pH and temperature
Factors affecting enzyme activity
Inhibitors
 Factors affecting enzyme activity

Some competitive
inhibitors are used
to treat human
disease.
Introduction to isoenzymes and ribozymes
Isoenzymes
Isoenzymes or isozymes are multiple forms of
same enzyme that catalyze the same chemical
reaction
Different chemical and physical properties:
• Amino acid sequence
• Amino acid composition
• Kinetic properties
• Electrophoretic mobility
Isoenzymes - example
LDH isoenzymes
Principal Serum Enzymes Used in Clinical Diagnosis.

Note: Many of the enzymes are not specific for the disease listed.
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Dean R. Appling DR, Anthony-Cahill SJ, Mathews CK. (2016).
Biochemistry concepts and connection. Essex: Pearson
2. Devlin TM ed. (2006). Texbook of biochemistry with clinical
correlation 6th ed. New Jersey: Wiley-Liss
3. Koolman J, Roehm KH. (2005). Color atlas of biochemistry 2nd
ed. Stuttgart: Thieme
4. Nelson DL, Cox MM. (2013). Lehninger principles of
biochemistry 6th ed. New York: WH Freeman
5. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Gatto GJ, Stryer L. (2015).
Biochemistry 8th ed. New York: WH Freeman
6. Animasi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=yk14dOOvwMk