Questions to think about…

How do flowering
plants
What are reproduce?
the parts of
a flower?

How do non-flowering
plants reproduce?
Reproduction in flowering plants
• Flowering plants can reproduce
from seeds.
• To reproduce, plants produce a tomato seed
flowers which develop into fruits
and seeds.
• For fruits and seeds to be
produced, the flowers must be
pollinated and fertilised.
 Parts of a flower

Male
parts Female
parts

This flower has

both male and
female parts.
 Parts of a flower
• The male parts of the flower are the anther and
filament.
o The anther contains pollen sacs which produce pollen
grains.
• The female parts of the flower are the stigma,
style, ovary and ovule.
 Parts of a flower
• Some plants like the papaya have the
male and female parts in separate flowers.

male flower of the female flower of the

papaya plant papaya plant
 Pollination
• Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains
from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
o The pollen grains can be transferred within
the same flower.
stigma pollen grains
from anther
 Pollination
• Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains
from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
o The pollen grains can also be transferred from
one flower to another.
 Fertilisation
pollen
stigma grains
• When a pollen grain lands
on the surface of a pollen
tubes style
stigma, it produces a tube.
• The inside of the tip of the
tube contains the male ovary
cells of the flower.
• These tubes grow down
the style to reach the ovule
egg
ovules in the ovary. cell
• Inside each ovule is an
egg cell.
 Fertilisation
• When a pollen tube reaches the ovule, the
female egg cell and male cell combine.
• This process is called fertilisation.

yellow pollen grains

on a flower
 From flower to fruit

flower (after fertilisation)

After fertilisation, most

Inside
The
of thethe
ovary ovary,
flowerthen the
grows
parts petals wither
ovules
bigger
wither begin
until
and tooff
it becomes
drop
developfor
except ainto
theseeds.
fruit. ovary.

ovary begins to
swell

seeds develop inside the petals drop off

fruit, fruit grows bigger
 From flower to fruit
• Sexual reproduction involves a male and a
female.
• The process of producing new plants from
seeds involves both male and female
cells.
• Thus, sexual reproduction takes place in
plants.
Dispersal of fruits and seeds
Well,
In orderif the
That’s seeds
forright.
seeds grow
Also,
to too
some
grow closely
fruits
at are together, while
scattered
a suitable
overcrowding
theSoseeds might
be occur.
remain inside
Iplace,
see! they must
if this happens,
the them.
what The
Soyoung
scattered.
plantsscattering
are the ways
may inof
not
whichseeds
get orand
fruits
enough fruits is called
seeds
water, are
dispersal.
mineralsdispersed?
and sunlight to
Why is that
grow so?
well.
 Dispersal of fruits and seeds
• Wind
o Fruits and seeds dispersed
by wind are often dry and angsana
light.
o Some of them have wing-like
structures.
o They are easily carried by
wind.

lalang
dandelion
 Dispersal of fruits and seeds
• Animals
o Some fruits can be eaten by animals.
o Their seeds are thrown away or passed out in
the animals’ droppings if swallowed.

kiwi

watermelon papaya
 Dispersal of fruits and seeds
• Animals
o Other fruits and seeds attach themselves to
animals’ bodies or our clothes by using hooks
or stiff hairs.

mimosa
lovegrass
 Dispersal of fruits and seeds
• Water
o Fruits dispersed by water usually float and are
carried along rivers, streams or at sea.
o They often have waterproof coverings or fibrous
husks to help them float in water.

coconut lotus plant mangrove

 Dispersal of fruits and seeds
• Splitting open forcefully
o Some fruits split open
lady’s finger
when ripe to shoot their
seeds away.

cotton

rain tree
 Germination
• Parts of a seed

seed leaf

baby plant
 Germination
disperse germinates
Photo of
tomato
seed seedling, p.
ripe fruit and seeds 48, P5A grows

seedling

leaves
During this stage,
A seed starts to the seedling shoot
Next,the
First, the shoot
root of appears
the baby and
germinate when it lands but
cannot make its own food,
the
plantfirst leaves
grows out unfold.
of the The
on a place with enough foodroot
gets it energy from the
young
seed plant
to form
stored in aisseed
its now leaves.
able to
seedling.
warmth and water.
make itsbaby ownplant
food. young plant
 Germination
disperse germinates
Photo of
tomato
seed seedling
ripe fruit and seeds grows

When the flower of an adult

pollination and plant gets pollinated and seedling
fertilisation fertilised, the cycle of
occurs reproduction repeats itself.
leaves

shoot
The young plant develops into
develops into an adult root
plant.
adult plant with flowers young plant
Non-flowering plants
• While flowering plants
reproduce from seeds,
ferns
non-flowering plants
reproduce in other ways.
• Spores
o For example, ferns
reproduce from spores,
and do not produce seeds
like flowering plants.

spore bag of a fern

 Asexual Reproduction
• Underground stems bud shoot

o The potato is an example of an

underground stem.
o It can be identified as a stem
because of the buds and leaf
scars.
o The buds can grow into new
plants when the potato in buried
in soil.
A potato
To grow a potato plant from
a cut piece of potato, each
piece must contain at least
one bud.
 Asexual Reproduction
• Underground stems
buds growing into
o More examples: new shoots

shoot bud

scale leaf fleshy leaf scale leaf

bud
stem
bud

root waterstem
chestnut
underground
root
onion
ginger
 Asexual Reproduction
• Suckers
o Plants like banana and
pineapple reproduce by
developing upright
shoots called suckers. sucker
heliconia sealing
o These shoots develop plant wax palm
from a certain part of the
stem.
sucker of aplant
pineapple banana
plant on the ground
sucker of a sealingsucker of a
wax palm heliconia plant
 Asexual Reproduction
• The leaves of plants like the bryophyllum,
begonia, and African violet can produce new
plants.
• Such leaves are often thick and fleshy.

leaf of
new plant

root of
new plant

bryophyllum leaf
bryophyllum
plant