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GLUCOSE
REGULATION
 Glucose Regulation

• The process by which the levels of blood sugar, primarily glucose, are
maintained by the body. It is important that the concentration of glucose
in the blood is maintained at a constant level. Insulin & glucagon are
hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates glucose levels in the
blood.
• • It is the production of insulin and glucagon by the pancreas which
ultimately determines if a patient has diabetes, hypoglycemia, or some
other sugar problem.
• • Glucose regulation in the body is a process of keeping the body in
homeostasis
 What happens if the insulin is too high or low

• High
Blood Glucose: Hyperglycemia means that there is much
blood glucose. It happens when the blood glucose level is around
200 mg/dL or higher. 

 Low Blood Glucose:

Hypoglycemia can occur when blood glucose drops
below normal levels or drops too quickly. The blood
glucose level is too low if it is under 70 mg/dL
 Functions of ketone bodies.

• When the body has insufficient insulin, it cannot get glucose

from the blood into the body’s cells to use as energy and will
instead begin to burn fat.
• The liver converts fatty acids into ketones which are then
released into the bloodstream for use as energy.
 Glucose
Homeostasis
 Glucose Homeostasis

This is the balance of insulin and glucagon to maintain blood glucose.

• Homeostasis is regulated by two hormones, insulin and glucagon which are both
secreted by the endocrine pancreas.

• The production of insulin and glucagon by these pancreatic cells ultimately

determines if a patient has diabetes or another related problem
• Handling of sample: Interpretation of results:
• The doctor or lab technician would handle • Glucose levels in the blood are usually
sample when it is taken from the patient. measured in terms of milligrams per
Place specimen on ice, and separate plasma deciliter (mg/dl), with a normal range of 70
from cells. to 110 mg/dl. Generally speaking,
• Refrigerated (preferred) or room • if glucose levels stray out of this range, the
temperature for at least 8 hours; refrigerated amounts of insulin and glucagon produced
3 days. by the pancreas will be adjusted to bring
glucose levels back into this range
 • Significance to health and illness:

• Glucose homeostasis is of critical importance to human health

due to the central importance of glucose as a source of energy,
and the fact that brain tissues do not synthesize it.
• Thusmaintaining adequate glucose levels in the blood are
necessary for survival.
FASTING BLOOD SUGAR
• Fasting blood sugar test is a test used to determine the amount of sugar present in a blood

sample after a person has fasted overnight.

• Fasting really means refraining from eating or drinking any food or liquids other than

water for at least 8 hours.

• The fasting blood glucose test is used to detect diabetes.Usually, a blood sample is taken

in a lab or a hospital, in the morning before the person has his breakfast.
 Role of Glucagon During Fasting Blood sugar

• During fasting, the hormone glucagon is stimulated which

increases plasma glucose levels in the body.

• Glucagon allows the body to regulate the utilization of

glucose and fats. Glucagon is released in response to low
blood glucose levels and when the body needs additional
glucose, such as during vigorous exercise and physical
activities.
 Interpreting Results
fasting blood sugar level ranges
from 70 to 100 mg/dl. A fasting
blood glucose level in the range
of 100 to 126 mg/dl indicates
prediabetes, and a person with a
reading higher than 126 mg/dl is
considered diabetic.

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nt/uploads/2016/07/Fasting-blood-sugar
-test.png
 Handling of Samples
1. Collect the blood from vein and collect the sample in a 5-ml clot-activator
tube.
2.Send the sample to the laboratory immediately.
3.Note on the laboratory results when the patient last ate, when the sample was
collected, and when the patient received the last pretest dose of insulin or oral
antidiabetic drug (if applicable).
How the test is done
 SIGNIFICANCE TO HEALTH AND ILLNESS

• Fasting blood glucose test allows doctors to determine whether

a patient has or is at risk of prediabetes or diabetes.
• the test is also used to check for low blood sugar levels and to
help healthcare professionals detect and monitor patients with
this condition.
• Other fasting blood glucose tests are done to measure C-
peptides and insulin levels.
• Fasting blood glucose test is essential in determining the amount
of glucose in the blood.
 What is Postprandial Blood Sugar?
.
• A postprandial glucose test is a blood glucose test that determines the
amount glucose in the blood after a meal.
• There is also a 2 hour postprandial blood glucose test. A 2-hour
postprandial blood glucose test ("2 hour p.c. blood glucose test", etc.)
measures blood glucose exactly 2 hours after eating a meal, timed from
the start of the meal.
• This test is done to see how your body responds to sugar and starch
after you eat a meal.
 What does the test result mean?

The
. following results of postprandial sugar level are based on the
IDF guidelines for diagnosing diabetes.
•Normal: Under 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl)
•Impaired glucose tolerance: Between 7.8 and 11.1 mmol/l (140
and 200 mg/dl)
•Diabetes: Equal to or above 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl)
SIGNIFICANCE TO HEALTH AND
ILLNESS
• Maintaining normal postprandial blood glucose levels is critical to  health.It
helps you avoid diabetic complications such as
• Heart disease
• Retinopathy:A complication of diabetes where blood vessels in the eye are
damaged
• Neuropathy: A group of diseases resulting from damaged or malfunctioning
of nerves that causes weakness, numbness and pain in hands and feet.
• Other health problems. 
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
A glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c) is
a blood test that measures the percentage of
hemoglobin that has attached to glucose.
 Handle of sample
1. Ensure all sample container Double check the specimen
caps and lids are properly container to ensure
. that the
tightened to prevent leakage device is not beyond its stated
2. Properly complete the expiration date.
requisition (patient’s name, date
and time of collection, patient’s
date of birth, test requested)
3. Collect the sample and transfer
to a proper transport container.
 Interpretation of results
• An A1c test result is reported in percentage. The number represents
the portion of Hemoglobin proteins that are glycoslated or holding
glucose.
 Less than 5.7% means you don’t have diabetes.
 5.7% to 6.4% signals pre-diabetes.
 6.5% or higher means a diabetes diagnosis.
 7% or lower is the goal for someone trying to manage their
diabetes.
 • Significant to health and illness

• A glycosylated hemoglobin test measures the amount of

glucose sugar
• prediabetes — high sugar levels that can lead to diabetes,
heart disease and stroke.
• Diagnose diabetes.

• Inform a person with diabetes has been managing the

disease.
 Method of Glucose Regulation

• A blood sugar test two ways. People who are monitoring or managing their diabetes prick
their finger using a glucometer for daily testing. The other method is drawing blood.
• Blood samples are generally used to screen for diabetes. The doctor will order a fasting
blood sugar (FBS) test. This test measures your blood sugar levels, or a glycosylated
hemoglobin, also called a haemoglobin A1C test. The results of this test reflect your blood
sugar levels over the previous 90 days. The results will show if you have prediabetes or
diabetes and can monitor how your diabetes is controlled.
 REFERENCES
•Qaid,M. M., & Abdelrahman, M. M. (2016).
Role of insulin and other related hormones in
energy metabolism .A review. Cogent food &
agriculture,
•Rix,
I., Nexøe-Larsen, C., Bergmann, N. C.,
Lund, A., & Knop, F. K. (2019, July 16).
•https://medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/
fullsize/18029.jpg
•https://www.atrainceu.com/content
•https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
NBK279127/
https://labtestsonline.org/tests/glucose-
tolerance-test
•ww.medlifeweb.com/blood-glucose-test-fasting-
range www.type2diabetesguide.com/normal-
postprandial-blood-sugar.shtml © 2016 Diabetes
India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
•https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/
glycated-hemoglobin-test-hba1c
•https://medicienterprises.com/wp-content/uploads/2016
/07/Fasting-blood-sugar-test.png