History of

Computer,
Components of
Computer,
Computer Software
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Presented by
James Dio Ocampo Doctana, BSCS I

History of Com Components Computer References

puter of Computer Softwares

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Pre-Mechanical Period
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Next Segment:
Mechanical Period

TALLY STICK
• Early Man relied on counting on his
fingers and toes (which by the way, is the
basis for our base 10 numbering system).
He also used sticks and stones as
markers. Later notched sticks and knotted
ABACUS cords were used for counting. Finally
came symbols written on hides,
parchment, and later paper. Man invents
the concept of number, then invents
devices to help keep up with the numbers
of his possessions.
• The first computing system were all

Napier’s Bone manual and were administered by

tallying and markers.
• the growing necessity of equipments for
eased counting became a motivation for
early people to invent their systems and
equipments in calculating and counting.
SLIDE RULE

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Pre-Mechanical Period

A tally stick was an ancient memory aid

TALLY STICK device to record and document numbers,
quantities, or even messages.

Tally sticks first appear as animal bones

carved with notches, in the Upper
Paleolithic, a notable example is the
Ishango Bone. Historical reference is
made by Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79) about
the best wood to use for tallies, and by
Marco Polo (1254–1324) who mentions the
use of the tally in China. Tallies have been
used for numerous purposes such as
messaging and scheduling, and especially
in financial and legal transactions, to the
point of being currency.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Pre-Mechanical Period

ABACUS An abacus is a mechanical device

used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical
calculations.
• The abacus was invented in
Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are
most familiar with was first
used in China in around 500
B.C.
• It used to perform basic
arithmetic operations.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Pre-Mechanical Period

Napier’s Bone
John Napier, a Scottish nobleman
and politician devoted much of his
leisure time to the study of
mathematics. He was especially
interested in devising ways to aid
computations. His greatest
contribution was the invention of
logarithms. He inscribed logarithmic
measurements on a set of 10 wooden
rods and thus was able to do
multiplication and division by
matching up numbers on the rods.
These became known as Napier’s
Bones.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Pre-Mechanical Period

SLIDE RULE Napier invented logarithms,

Edmund Gunter invented the
logarithmic scales (lines etched
on metal or wood), but it was
William Oughtred, in England
who invented the sliderule. Using
the concept of Napier’s bones, he
inscribed logarithms on strips of
wood and invented the
calculating "machine" which was
used up until the mid-1970s when
the first hand-held calculators
and microcomputers appeared.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Mechanical Period
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Next Segment:
Electro-Mechanical Period

The mechanical age can be

PASCALINE Difference and defined as the
Analytical Engine
time between 1450 and 1840.
A lot of new technologies
STEPPED RECKONER were developed in this era
Hollerith
due to an explosion of
Tabulating
Machine
interest in computation
Scheutzian Calculation
Engine and information.
JACQUARD LOOM

ARITHMOMETER Z1
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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Mechanical Period

Blaise Pascal, a French mathematical

genius, at the age of 19 invented a
machine, which he called
PASCALINE the Pascaline that could do addition and
subtraction to help his father, who was
also a mathematician. Pascal’s machine
consisted of a series of gears with 10
teeth each, representing the numbers 0 to
9. As each gear made one turn it would
trip the next gear up to make 1/10 of a
revolution. This principle remained the
foundation of all mechanical adding
machines for centuries after his death.
The Pascal programming language was
named in his honor.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Mechanical Period

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

STEPPED RECKONER invented differential and integral
calculus independently of Sir Isaac
Newton, who is usually given sole
credit. He invented a calculating
machine known as Leibniz’s Wheel or
the Step Reckoner. It could add and
subtract, like Pascal’s machine, but it
could also multiply and divide. It did
this by repeated additions or
subtractions, the way mechanical
adding machines of the mid to late
20th century did. Leibniz also invented
something essential to modern
computers — binary arithmetic.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Mechanical Period

It took inventor Joseph M. Jacquard to

JACQUARD LOOM bring together Bouchon’s idea of a
continuous punched roll, and Falcon’s
ides of durable punched cards to
produce a really workable
programmable loom. Weaving
operations were controlled by punched
cards tied together to form a long loop.
And, you could add as many cards as
you wanted. Each time a thread was
woven in, the roll was clicked forward
by one card. The results revolutionized
the weaving industry and made a lot of
money for Jacquard. This idea of
punched data storage was later
adapted for computer data input.

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Topic 1 History of Computer: Mechanical Period

the first digital 
ARITHMOMETER mechanical calculator strong
enough and reliable enough to be
used daily in an office environment.
This calculator could add and
subtract two numbers directly and
could perform long multiplications
 and divisions effectively by using a
movable accumulator for the result.
Patented in France by 
Thomas de Colmar in 1820 and
manufactured from 1851 to 1915, it
became the first commercially
successful mechanical calculator.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Mechanical Period

Charles Babbage is known as the Father of

Difference and the modern computer (even though none of
Analytical his computers worked or were even
constructed in their entirety). He first
Engine designed plans to build, what he called
the Automatic Difference Engine. It was
designed to help in the construction of
mathematical tables for navigation.
Unfortunately, engineering limitations of his
time made it impossible for the computer to
be built. His next project was much more
ambitious.
While a professor of mathematics at
Cambridge University (where Stephen
Hawkin is now), a position he never actually
occupied, he proposed the construction of a
machine he called the Analytic Engine.
Unfortunately it was never completed. It had
to wait for manufacturing technology to
catch up to his ideas.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Mechanical Period

Scheutzian Calculation The Scheutzian Calculator Engine

Engine was able to rapidly calculate and
print multiplication, division, and
exponentiation in a logarithmic
table. By inputting numbers into the
columns and changing the setting
into either multiplication, division,
or exponents.
Invented in 1837 and finalized in
1843. This machine, which he
constructed with his son Edvard
Scheutz, was based on Charles
Babbage's difference engine.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Mechanical Period

The first large-scale automatic digital

computer in the United States was the
Harvard Mark 1 created by IBM in 1944.

Z1 This 8ft x 50ft x 2ft big computer weighed

a whopping five tons and had to be
programmed using punch cards.
Its first use was by the Manhattan
Project to simulate the feasibility of an
implosion to detonate an atomic bomb
In 1944 Dr. Howard Aiken of Harvard
finished the construction of the
Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator, popularly known as the
Mark I. It contained over 3000 mechanical
relays and was the first electro-
mechanical computer capable of making
logical decisions

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Mechanical Period

The computer trail next takes us to, of all

Hollerith Tabulating Machine places, the U.S. Bureau of Census.
In 1880 taking the U.S. census proved to
be a monumental task.
By the time it was completed it was
almost time to start over for the 1890
census.
To try to overcome this problem the
Census Bureau hired Dr. Herman
Hollerith.
In 1887, using Jacquard’s idea of the
punched card data storage, Hollerith
developed a punched card tabulating
system, which allowed the census takers
to record all the information needed on
punched cards which were then placed
in a special tabulating machine
with a series of counters.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Electro-Mechanical Period
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Next Segment:
Electronic Period

The electromechanical age

heralded the beginnings of
telecommunications as we know
it today.
This age can be defined roughly
as the time between 1840 and 1940.
Several revolutionary
technologies were invented in this
period such as the Morse code,
telephone, radio, etc.
All of these technologies were
crucial stepping stones towards
Harvard Mark 1 modern information technology
systems.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Electro-Mechanical Period

The first large-scale automatic digital

Harvard Mark 1 computer in the United States was the
Harvard Mark 1 created by IBM in 1944.
This 8ft x 50ft x 2ft big computer
weighed a whopping five tons and
had to be programmed using punch
cards. Its first use was by the
Manhattan Project to simulate the
feasibility of an implosion to detonate
an atomic bomb.
In 1944 Dr. Howard Aiken of Harvard
finished the construction of the
Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator, popularly known as the
Mark I. It contained over 3000
mechanical relays and was the first
electro-mechanical computer capable
of making logical decisions

Click here to go back to electro-mechanical slide…

 Topic 1 History of Computer: Electronic Period
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Next Segment:
Generations of Computer

These machines used electronic

switches, in the form of vacuum tubes,
instead of the electromechanical relays
Atanasoff-Berry
seen in the previous era.
Computer (ABC)
In principle the electronic switches
would be more reliable, since they
would have no moving parts that
would wear out, but the technology
was still new at that time and the tubes
Microcomputers were comparable to relays in
ENIAC reliability.
The electronic age is what we currently
live in. It can be defined as the time
between 1940 and right now.

UNIVAC

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Electronic Period

Atanasoff-Berry
Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff and his
Computer (ABC) graduate assistant, Clifford Barry,
built the first truly electronic
computer, called the Atanasoff-
Berry Computer or ABC.
Atanasoff said the idea came to
him as he was sitting in a small
roadside tavern in Illinois.
This computer used a circuit with 45
vacuum tubes to perform the
calculations, and capacitors for
storage.
This was also the first computer to
use binary math.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Electronic Period

The first all electronic computer

ENIAC was the Electrical Numerical
Integrator and Calculator, known
as ENIAC.
It was designed by J. Prosper
Eckert and John W. Mauchly of the
Moore School of Engineering at the
University of Pennsylvania.
ENIAC was the first multipurpose
electronic computer, though very
difficult to re-program.
It was primarily used to computer
aircraft courses, shell trajectories,
and to break codes during World
War II.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Electronic Period

The first practical electronic

UNIVAC computer was built by Eckert
and Mauchly (of ENIAC fame)
and was known
as UNIVAC (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer).
The first UNIVAC was used by
the Bureau of Census. The
unique feature of the UNIVAC
was that it was not a one-of-a-
kind computer. It was mass
produced.

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 Topic 1 History of Computer: Electronic Period

Next Segment:
Generations of Comput
er
Microcomputers
• The most successful of the early
microcomputers was the Apple II,
designed and built by Steve
Wozniak.
In 1981, IBM produced their first
microcomputer. Then the clones started
to appear.
• This microcomputer explosion
fulfilled its slogan computers by the
millions for the millions. 
• In 1984 the Macintosh was introduced.
This was the first mass-produced,
commercially-available computer
with a Graphical User Interface.
• In 1989 Windows 1.0 was
introduced for the PC.

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Topic 1 Computer Generations

01 First Generation

02 Second Generation

03 Third Generation

04 Fourth Generation
Topic 1 Computer Generations

(1946-1955) : First generation computer uses Vacuum

01 Slide tubes, Magnetic tape drives and magnetic core

memories were developed. The first generation
computer produces too much heat.

02 Second Generation

03 Third Generation

04 Fourth Generation
Topic 1 Computer Generations

01 First Generation
(1956-1965) Second generation computer uses a new
electronic device called Transistor. It also started
02 showing the characteristics of modern day computers
with utilities such as printers, disk storage and
operating systems.

03 Third Generation

04 Fourth Generation
Topic 1 Computer Generations

01 First Generation

02 Second Generation
(1966-1975) Computer transistor were replaced with
Integrated Circuit (IC) which is a combination of number
03 of transistor and other electronic components fused
together on single crystal. Uses magnetic tape and
magnetic disk as secondary storage device.

04 Fourth Generation
Topic 1 Computer Generations

01 First Generation
Slide 25Slide 25

02 Second Generation

03 Third Generation
(1976-1985) IC were replaced with Microprocessors consisting of
entire central processing unit in a single chip. Computing speed
04 increased. Due to the reduction of cost and the availability of the
computers power at a small place allowed everyday user to
benefit. Return To topic Menu
Topic 2 Components of Computer

Basic_Components_Of_A_Computer(360p).mp4

Jairo Muico (2020) Basic Components of A Computer. YouTube.com.

https://youtu.be/4qkTfjbzXVs

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Topic 1 Computer Softwares

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What is Computer Software?

Computer Instructions or
data; anything that can be
stored electronically is
Software.

Examples are:
Microsoft applications,
management systems

Next Segment: Types of C

omputer Software
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

Types of Computer Software

System Softwar
e

Application
Software
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

T ype s of System S o f t w a r e
 Operating System
 Utilities
 Device Drivers
The System Software
consist of the Operating
System and all the utilities
that enable the computer to
function.
System software actually
controls the hardware so
that application software
can perform any action or
task.
Example:
Operating Systems, Compiler, Loader,
Linker, Interpreter and etc
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

An operating system is software

which manages computer
hardware and software
resources. It also provides
common services to computer
programs.
The operating system is an
essential component of the
system software in a
computer system. Application
programs are dependent on
operating system to function
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

Common types of utility programs

 Utilities software is
system software which
is manufactured to
Hardware utilities
help ,analyze,
Virus-detection and recovery utilities configure, optimize or
to maintain a
File-compression utilities computer.

Spam and pop-up blocker utilities  It also helps in

Backup maintenance and
problem solving of
Uninstall a computer.
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

Device driver is actually

a communication device
between device and
computer
It loads every time in
memory
When a new device is
added the driver should
be installed in order to
run the program
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

In System software
programs are designed to
operate, control and Programs which
enhances the processing are included in
capabilities of the computer system software
package are
known as system
System software is developed programs and
by computer manufacturer in the
low level language programmers
It also helps hardware who develop
components to work together those programs
and provide support for the are known as
development and execution of system
the application software programmer
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Topic 1 Computer Softwares

Application Software includes

programs that do real work
 Types of Application for user.

Example:
 Formsof Application Payroll systems, Inventory
Software Control, Manage student
database, Word Processor,
Spreadsheet and Database
Management System etc.,

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Topic 1 Computer Softwares

Proprietary
Proprietary software is a licensed
software under exclusive legal right of
owner.
In-house
In In-house software we develop
application with the help of company
resources
Off-the-shelf
An existing software program that can be
used without any changes expected.
Contract
The software which is developed for a
specific company for their requirement.
Next Segment: Forms of Applicatio
n Software
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

Forms of Application Software

Package Software Freeware

Public-domain Software
Custom Software
Web Application
Open Source
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

Package software
A software which is sold
in a bundle due to similar
function of programs.
Example
o Microsoft Office,

Windows CD
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

This is software which

is specially made for
an organization as
per their
requirement.
Example
Attendance system
Security code
system.
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

A web application is
any application that
uses a web browser.
Example
I. Google docs

II. Drop Box

Topic 1 Computer Softwares

Made available to every one

and can be change, modify
and distribute to public
without any notification.
Example
I. Linux
II. Moodle
III. Wordpress
IV. Drupal
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

 Free ware is the

software that is freely
available to public but
author has a copy
right, means that you
can only use it ,not sell
it.
Example
I. Antivirus
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

Delivered free of charge

but some time the
owner ask for money
to get registered ,so
that they can send
updates in future. It can
be copied but cannot
be sold.
 Example
I. Dino Numbers
II. Microsoft office
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

 Public domain
software is totally
free and it is not
copyrighted plus it
have no restriction
Example
I. SQlite

II. Blast

III. I2P
Topic 1 Computer Softwares

Actually the application

software consists of
programs that are designed
to make users more
comfortable or productive to
assist personal tasks
The application software is
present on computer hard
disk
Application software can also
be stored on CDs, DVDs, and
flash or keychain storage
devices
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 References

History of http://www.cs.uah.edu/~rcoleman/
Common/History/History.html

Computer, http://ictlanguagesbrenda.blogspot.com/
2016/02/pre-mechanical-age.html

Components of
Click
Computer, Me!
https://ehs.siu.edu/_common/documents/IT
%20newsletter/vol-2-no-29.pdf

Computer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse

Software https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/
1wgg0bkeV40a5p5fQ1w73VMIs-G2bhJ/
edit?
usp=drivesdk&ouid=109520743074686814
400&rtpof=true&sd=true
Thank
You !