RESEARCH

HYPOTHESIS
• Null hypothesis – states the absence of relationship between the
independent and dependent variables. It is statement to disprove the
fact that the independent variable ( treatment , intervention, or
condition) has an effect on the dependent variable.

• -expressed as a negative statement

• -denoted H0
Research question:
Is there a significant relationship between peer tutoring and students’ level
of reading fluency?

Null hypothesis
HO: There is no significant relationship between peer tutoring and students’
level of reading fluency
• There is no significant change in a person’s health during the times
when they drink green tea only or root beer only.

• There is no significant change in an individual’s work habits whether

they get eight hours or nine hours of sleep.

• There is no significant change in the growth of a plant if one uses

distilled water only or vitamin-rich water only to water it.
• Alternative hypothesis
- States the relationship between the independent and the dependent
variables and the fact that the first affects the second one.

- Denoted as H1
Research question:
Is there a significant relationship between peer tutoring and students’ level
of reading fluency?

Alternative Hypothesis
H1: There is significant relationship between peer tutoring and students’
level of reading fluency?
• A person’s health improves during the times when they drink green tea
only, as opposed to root beer only.

• Work habits improve during the times when one gets 8 hours of sleep
only, as opposed to 9 hours of sleep only.

• The growth of the plant improved during the times when it received
vitamin-rich water only, as opposed to distilled water only.
Why Do I need to Test it? Why not just prove an alternate one?

as a scientist or researcher, you are required to; It’s part of the scientific process. Science
uses a battery of processes to prove or disprove theories, making sure than any new
hypothesis has no flaws. Including both a null and an alternate hypothesis is one safeguard
to ensure your research isn’t flawed. Not including the null hypothesis in your research is
considered very bad practice by the scientific community. If you set out to prove an
alternate hypothesis without considering it, you are likely setting yourself up for failure. At a
minimum, your experiment will likely not be taken seriously.
• Example
• Not so long ago, people believed that the world was flat.

• Null hypothesis: H0: The world is flat.

• Alternate hypothesis: The world is round.

• Several scientists, including Copernicus, set out to disprove the null

hypothesis. This eventually led to the rejection of the null and the
acceptance of the alternate. Most people accepted it — the ones that didn’t
created the Flat Earth Society!. What would have happened if Copernicus
had not disproved the it and merely proved the alternate? No one would
have listened to him. In order to change people’s thinking, he first had to
prove that their thinking was wrong.
3. Simple hypothesis –predicts the relationship between two variables: the independent variable
and the dependent variable. This relationship is demonstrated through these examples.

• Drinking sugary drinks daily leads to being overweight.

• Smoking cigarettes daily leads to lung cancer.
• Getting at least 8 hours of sleep can make people more alert.

• 4. Complex Hypothesis Examples

• A complex hypothesis describes a relationship between variables. However, it’s a relationship between two or more independent variables and two
or more dependent variables. You can follow these examples to get a better understanding of a complex hypothesis.

• Adults who 1) drink sugary beverages on a daily basis and 2) have a family history of health issues are more likely to 1) become overweight and 2)
develop diabetes or other health issues.
• Individuals that 1) smoke cigarettes and 2) live in large cities are more likely than others to have 1) respiratory problems and 2) an increased risk of
cancer.
• Individuals who 1) get an average of eight or more hours of sleep and 2) have a balanced diet and schedule are more likely to 1) be alert during the
day and 2) have more energy.
• Complex Hypothesis Examples
- A complex hypothesis describes a relationship between variables.
However, it’s a relationship between two or more independent variables and
two or more dependent variables. You can follow these examples to get a
better understanding of a complex hypothesis.

• Adults who drink sugary beverages on a daily basis and have a family history of health
issues are more likely to become overweight and develop diabetes or other health
issues.
• Individuals that smoke cigarettes and live in large cities are more likely than others to
have respiratory problems and an increased risk of cancer.
• Individuals who get an average of eight or more hours of sleep and have a balanced diet
and schedule are more likely to be alert during the day and have more energy.
A logical hypothesis is a proposed explanation using limited evidence.
Generally, you want to turn a logical hypothesis into an empirical
hypothesis, putting your theories or postulations to the test. In reference to
these examples, there is currently no evidence to support these hypotheses.
However, you can form a hypothesis based on the data available to draw a
logical conclusion.

1. Cacti experience more successful growth rates than tulips on Mars.

2. Beings from Mars would not be able to breathe the air in Earth's
atmosphere.
3. Creatures found at the bottom of the ocean use anaerobic respiration
rather than aerobic respiration.
An empirical hypothesis, or working hypothesis, comes to life when a
theory is being put to the test using observation and experiment. It's no
longer just an idea or notion. Rather, it is going through trial and error and
perhaps changing around those independent variables.

1.Roses watered with liquid Vitamin B grow faster than roses watered with
liquid Vitamin E.
2.Women taking vitamin E grow hair faster than those taking vitamin K.
3.Thirsty rats find their way through a maze quicker if there is water at the
end of the maze.
4.In these examples, trial and error is leading to a series of findings. The
results of these experiments can all be observed and proven over time.
A statistical hypothesis is an examination of a portion of a population or
statistical model. In this type of analysis, you use statistical information
from an area. For example, if you wanted to conduct a study on the life
expectancy of people from Savannah, you would want to examine every
single resident of Savannah. This is not practical. Therefore, you would
conduct your research using a statistical hypothesis or a sample of
Savannah's population.
1.50% of Savannah's population lives beyond the age of 70.
2.80% of the U.S. population gets a divorce because of irreconcilable
differences.
3.45% of the poor in the U.S. are illiterate.
• Types of Hypothesis
- (Badke,2021;Morgan,2014)
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