Types of Cement and

Reinforcement
CEMENT

 A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens,

and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used
on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel together. Cement mixed with
fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel,
produces concrete.
Types of Cement

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).

 Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC).
 White Cement.
 Calcium aluminate Cement / High Alumina Cement.
 Coloured Cement.
 Rapid Hardening Cement.
 Quick setting cement.
 Low Heat Cement.
 Sulphates resisting cement.
Ordinary Portland Cement

Ordinary Portland cement (simply called ordinary cement) refers to the

hydraulic binding material ground by mixing Portland cement clinker, 6% ~
15% blended materials, and appropriate amount of gypsum

The principal raw materials used in the

manufacture of Ordinary Portland Cement are:
Argillaceous or silicates of alumina in the form of
clays and shales. Calcareous or calcium carbonate,
in the form of limestone, chalk and marl which is a
mixture of clay and calcium carbonate.

Being low cost cement it is widely used in the

production of concrete, which is the most
popular material used for construction in the
world for roads, houses, buildings, dams etc.
Ordinary Portland cement is also used for
mortars and in making grouts.
Portland Pozzolana Cement – PPC
Unlike Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Pozzolana
cement (PPC) is manufactured by combination of
pozzolanic materials. Pozzolana is an artificial or natural
material which has silica in it in a reactive form. Along
with pozzolanic materials in specific proportions, PPC
also contains OPC clinker and gypsum. These pozzolanic
materials includes volcanic ash, calcined clay or silica
fumes and fly ash which make around 15% to 35% of
cement weight.

Pozzolana materials such as fly ash, volcanic ash are

added to OPC so that PPC is created.

PPC has low initial setting strength than OPC but it hardens over time with
proper curing.
White Cement
White cement is a strong cement typically used to ensure
clean, colourful, consistent designs. White cement
allows a wide range of decorative options for production
structural and architectural concrete, as well as masonry
and cementitious building products.
White cement (or White Portland Cement) is. Its raw
materials contain very low amounts of iron oxide
and manganese oxide. Its particles are finer than
those of grey cement. It consumes more energy
compared to white cement.
White cement is made from raw materials like
limestone, clay, sand, iron ore, nickel, titanium,
chromium and vanadium.

Definition of white cement. : a portland cement

made from raw materials very low in the iron
compounds that give the gray color to the usual
portland cement.
Calcium Aluminate Cement / High
Alumina Cement.
High Alumina Cement (HAC), sometimes known as
calcium aluminate cement (CAC) or aluminous cement, is
composed of calcium aluminates, unlike Portland cement
which is composed of calcium silicates. It is
manufactured from limestone or chalk and bauxite.
Calcium-aluminate cements are hydraulic cements
obtained by pulverizing a solidified melt or clinker that
consists predominantly of hydraulic calcium aluminates
formed from proportioned mixtures of aluminous and
calcareous materials.

Manufacturing Calcium Aluminate Cements

The first method is by fusion, which involves liquefying a raw
feedstock of bauxite and limestone together, in a reverberatory
furnace. In the second method, high-purity limestone and high-
purity alumina are sintered together in a rotary kiln.
Coloured Cement
 COLOURED CEMENT. Harricrete Coloured Cement is a colour pigment general
purpose ordinary Portland Cement for special coloured finishes and integrally
coloured concrete. … It may be used as a dry shake, in terrazzo, and large
quantities to achieve integrally coloured concrete.

Coloured Cement may be obtained by intimately

mixing mineral pigments with ordinary cement. The
amount of colouring material may vary from 5 to 10
per cent. If this percentage exceeds 10 per cent, the
strength of cement is affected.
The chromium oxide gives green colour.
The cobalt imparts blue colour.
The ton oxide in different proportions gives brown, red
or yellow colour
The manganese oxide is used to produce black brown
coloured cement
The coloured cements are widely used for finishing of
floors, external surfaces. Artificial marble, window sill
slabs, textured panel faces, stair treads, etc.
Rapid Hardening Cement

 Rapid hardening cement is a special type of cement that achieves high

strength in less time. Normally the strength achieved by conventional cements
in 7 days is same as the strength achieved in 3 days. This type of cement is
also called as High-Early Strength Portland Cement.Rapid Hardening Cement.
 Manufacturing
 Rapid hardening cement is burnt at a higher temperature than that of the OPC
under more controlled conditions.
 It also has application in cold weather concreting as it has high resistance
towards freezing and thawing.
 It is also used in machine foundation where the machine needs to be put in use
immediately to meet production deadlines.
 Quick Setting Cement
 The quick setting cement is manufactured by adding a small percentage
of aluminium sulphate and then it is finely grinded with cement. And
also for quick setting action a small percentage of gypsum or retarder is
added. The aluminium sulphate is mainly added to accelerate the
setting time fast.
 Quick Set Concrete attains initial setting in no more than 15 minutes
under normal conditions and should be placed immediately upon mixing.
Leave at least two hours after setting before applying any load.

Although it has less setting time, the final strength

attained is same as that of OPC.
Quick setting cement has high resistance towards
the water.
The amount of water required during hydration is
also less for this type of cement.
 Low Heat Cement
 Low heat cement is a special tailored cement which generates low heat of
hydration during setting. It is manufactured by modifying the chemical
composition of normal Portland cement.
 Low heat cement is used in the construction of gravity dams, retaining
walls, thick concrete sections, footings, piers, and other heavy structures.
 Low heat Portland cement is used in construction during hot weather
conditions and in countries with tropical climate.
 Low heat of hydration is 20% lesser than that of OPC cement.
 The amount of water required for hydration is low.
 High workability is obtained as the concrete is fluidly in nature.
 Good volume stabilisation.
 Initial strength is low but the high growth rate of final strength.
 Sulphate Resisting Cement
 Sulphate Resisting Cement is a type of Portland Cement in which the amount
of tricalcium aluminate (C3A) is restricted to lower than 5% and (2C 3A
+C4AF) lower than 25%, which reduces the formation of sulphate salts. The
reduction of sulphate salts lowers the possibility of sulphate attack on the
concrete.
 Sulfate Resisting Cement is a blended cement designed to improve the
performance of concrete where the risk of sulfate attack may be present. It
also provides improved durability for concrete in most aggressive
environments, reducing the risk of deterioration of the structure and
structural failure.
Reinforcements
 Reinforcement
 Reinforcement is one type of material which is used in construction. It’s one type of bar that provide ductility to any structural members like
Columns, beams, slabs, etc. Reinforcement have ductile behaviour which increase strength of building and give sign before any member fail.
 Reinforcing & Strengthening Services Include:


 Shoring & stabilization

 Underpinning
 Wood truss repairs
 Structural steel alterations & replacements
 Masonry reinforcement & replacement
 Load bearing & non-load bearing wall modifications
 Slope stabilization
 Retaining wall
 Helical piles
 Roof structure repairs and modifications
 New foundation openings and modifications
Types of Reinforcements

 The steel reinforcement used in concrete construction is mainly of 4 types.

 Hot Rolled Deformed Bars. …
 Cold Worked Steel Bars. …
 Mild Steel Plain Bars. …
 Prestressing Steel Bars. …
Hot Rolled Deformed Bars

Hot rolled deformed bars are most commonly used steel reinforcement for R.C.C
structures. As the name says, the hot rolling of the reinforcement is undergone
leaving certain deformations on its surface in the form of ribs. These ribs help to
form a bond with the concrete. The typical yield strength of hot-rolled deformed
bars is 60000psi.

Hot rolled products like hot rolled steel bars

 are used in the welding and construction
trades to make railroad tracks and I-beams,
for example. Hot rolled steel is used in
situations where precise shapes and tolerances
are not required
Cold Worked Steel Bars

 A cold worked reinforcement bar is obtained by letting the hot rolled steel
bars to undergo cold working. In the cold working process, the bars will
undergo twisting and drawing. The process is performed at room
temperature. The cold worked steel bars do not undergo a plastic yield thus
have less ductility when compared with hot rolled bars.

Cold Rolled Steel is ideal for projects

where precision is essential. The metal is
easily formable for moderate draw
applications. This makes it ideal for use
in many home appliances and metal
furniture. Metal filing cabinets and school
lockers are commonly made of this
metal.
Mild Steel Plain Bars

 The mild steel plain reinforcement bars do not have ribs on their surface.
They have a plain surface. These bars are used for small projects where the
major concern is the economy. The tensile yield strength of these bars has a
value of 40000psi.
 Mild steel is often used when large quantities of steel are needed. The Steel
is generally made of low Carbon and Silicon. Mild steel has a relatively low
tensile strength. … These bars are used as reinforcement steel for
construction purposes. They are graded as Fe415, Fe500 ie fy of 415 and 500
N/mm2 respectively.
Prestressing Steel Bars

The prestressing steel reinforcement are steel bars used in the form of strands or
tendons. Multiple strands are employed in concrete in order to perform the
prestressing action. The strands are made of multiple wires either 2 or 3 or 7
wire strands.

 The wires used here are cold formed and have a high tensile strength ranging
from 250000 – 270000 psi. This high strength helps to effectively prestress the
concrete.
Thank you
1. By
2. FaizavP Joshi
3. Janvi Ann Johnson
4. Jeffi John
5. Jyothish Krishna J