Reference :

Project Management by Vasant Desai & Project

Management b y S Choudhury

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Project Management
It is a unique one-time operation designed to
accomplish a specific set of objectives in a limited time
frame.
 A project is an organized endeavour to accomplish a
specified non-routine or low volume task. Although
projects are not repetitive, they take a significant
amount of time to complete and are large-scale or
complex enough to be recognized and managed as
separate undertakings.

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Characteristics of a Project
Objectives
Life Span (time-limit)
Single Entity
Team Work
Life Cycle (different phases)
Uniqueness
Change
Successive Principle

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Customer-specific
High-level of Sub-contracting
Risk and Uncertainty

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Project Management Activities &
Decisions
A) Project Planning
1. Identifying the project customer
2. Establishing the end-product or service
3. Setting project objectives
4. Estimate the Resource & Time required
5. Deciding the form of the organization for the project.
6. Appointing Key Personnel (e.g. Project Mgr)
7. Designing major tasks required.
8. Establishing a Budget

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Project Management Activities &
Decisions cont..
B) Project Scheduling
1. Developing a detailed Work-Breakdown
Structure (WBS)
2. Estimating time required for each task
3. Sequencing the task in the proper order
4. Developing a start/finish time for every task
5. Developing a detailed budget for every task.
6. Assigning people to tasks

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Project Management Activities &
Decisions cont..
C) Project Control
1. Monitoring actual time, cost & performance
2. Comparing planned figures to actual figures
3. Determining whether corrective action is needed
4. Evaluating alternative corrective actions
5. Taking appropriate corrective action

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Project Life Cycle
 A project passes through a life cycle that may
vary with the size and complexity of the project.
Typically a project will pass through the
following phases:
1. The Concept Phase
2. Definition Phase
3. Planning & Organization Phase
4. Implementation Phase
5. Project Clean-up

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The Concept Phase
This is the phase when a Project idea germinates. During
this phase the organization is trying to overcome a problem
and is looking for solutions. The ideas could come from
many sources. They need to be put in black and white and
given some shape before they can be considered and
compared with competitive ones.
These ideas need to be examined in the light of objectives
and constraints and what finally becomes acceptable may
form the future project. All projects are usually conceived
this way.
If this phase is avoided or truncated, the project will have
innate defects and may eventually become a liability for the
investors.
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 Definition Phase
This phase will develop the idea generated during the
conception phase and produce a document describing the
project in sufficient details covering all aspects necessary
for the customer and/or FI to make up their minds on the
project ideas. The areas to be examined for a
manufacturing project would be:
Raw Materials
Plant size
Location and site
Technology/Process Selection
Project (Facility) Layout
Plant & Machinery
Utilities – fuel, power, water
Manpower & Organizational pattern
Financial Analysis
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Planning $ Organizing Phase
This phase can effectively start only after definition phase,
but in practice it starts much earlier, almost immediately
after the conception phase. Some organizations prepare
documents such as Project Execution Plan to mark this
phase. During this phase, most organizations deal with the
following aspects:
Project infrastructure & enabling services
System design and basic engineering package
Organisation & Manpower
Schedules & Budgets
Licensing & governmental clearances
Finance
Systems and procedures
Identification of Project Manager

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Design basis, general conditions for
purchase/contracts
Site preparation & investigations
Construction resources and materials
Work Packaging
This phases is involved with preparation for the project to
take-off smoothly. This is often taken as part of
implementation phase

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Implementation Phase
This is a period of hectic activity for the project. It is
during this phase that people can for the first time,
see the project. 80-85% of the project work is done in
this phase. All technique of project management are
applied to this area essentially. In this phases, every
attempt is made to ‘fast-track’ i.e., overlap the various
sub-phases such as engineering, procurement,
construction and commissioning to the maximum
effect. Hardly can any project afford the luxury of
completing one implementation sub-phase fully
before moving to the next one.

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Implementation Phase cont….
This phases, has a high need for co-ordination and
control. Meticulous co-ordination and high pressure
management and control is required during this
phase.

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Implementation Phase

Inputs Tools & Techniques Outputs

Ÿ Project Plan Ÿ G eneral m gm t skills Ÿ W ork results
Ÿ Supporting detail Ÿ Product skills & Ÿ Change requests
Ÿ O rganizational knowledge
policies Ÿ W ork authorization system
Ÿ Corrective action Ÿ Status review m eetings
Ÿ Project mgm t info system
Ÿ O rganizational procedures

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Project Clean-up Phase
In this phase, the hardware built by various agencies is
physically handed over for production to a different agency
who was not so involved earlier. For a project personnel,
this is basically a clean-up task. Drawing, documents, files
operation and maintenance manuals are catalogued and
handed over to the customer. The customer has to be
satisfied with the guarantee-test runs. Project accounts are
closed, materials reconciliation carried out, outstanding
payments made and dues collected during this phase.
Administrative closure – generating gathering, and
disseminating information to formalize phase or project
completion
Contract close-out – completion and settlement of the
contract, including resolution of any open items

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Skills Required for a Project Manager
Ability to employ strong leadership skills to
motivate , guide & evaluate the efforts of team
members
Ability to make trade off decisions
Ability to expedite work when necessary, solve
crisis, monitor time, budget & technical details
Ability to adapt to changing circumstances like
changes to project goal, technical requirements
and composition of the project team
Ability to recognize the need for change & decide
what changes are necessary
Ability to maintain & enforce ethical standards &
to model ethical behaviour
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