Breeding of

MUSTARD and RAPE

SEED
Brassica sp (2n = 16, 18, 20, 22, 36, 38 and 48)
Brassicaceae or cruciferae

Dr. Mamata Khandappagol

Assistant Professor (Contractual)
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding
CoA, Chamarajanagara-571127
UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru

Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara 1

 INTRODUCTION
• Rapeseed & mustard are the 3rd most important edible oilseed
crops of the world after soybean and oil palm.

• Mustard is Brassica juncea, whereas Rapeseed is Brassica

campestris.

• This crop accounts for nearly one-third of the oil produced in

India, making it the country’s key edible oilseed crop.

• Seeds are known by different names in different places ; Sarson,

Toria or Lahi are generally termed as Rapeseeds while Rai or
Raya or Laha is termed as Mustard.

• Oil content varies from 37 to 49%.

Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara 2
Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara 3
 USES
1. Its oil & seeds are used in:
 The preparation of pickles and for flavoring curries and
vegetables.
 Human consumption
 Preparation of hair oil and ,medicines ,soaps.
 In mixture with mineral oils for lubrication.
 RAPESEED oil is used in the manufacture of greases.
2. The oil cake is used as a cattle feed, its green stems and
leaves are good source of green fodder for cattle.
3. The leaves of young plants are used as green vegetables.
4. In tanning industry, mustard oil is used for softening
leather.

Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara 4

 ORIGIN & HISTORY
• The place of origin is not definitely known.
• It’s cultivation has been traced to 2000-1500 B.C in India,
China and Japan.
• According to Prain (1898), Bailey (1922) and others: Rai
(B. juncea) originated in China and from there it was
introduced in India.
• According to Vavilov (1926) the place of origin of Rapeseed
(B. campestris) is eastern Afghanistan and adjoining parts of
India & Pakistan.
• Singh(1958) considered the B. campestris var. yellow sarson
to the oldest of the various rapes & Mustard grown in India.

Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara 5

 DISTRIBUTION

• China, Canada, India, Europe, Pakistan collectively

contribute 90% of the world production .

• In India Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Assam,

Bihar and West Bengal are the major state producing
mustard.

Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara 6

 WILD RELATIVE (Progenitor)

• Exact progenitor is not known.

• The genus Brassica contains more than 3000 species of

which 40 are of economic importance

• Cultivated Brassica can be broadly classified in 2distinct

type viz.
• VEGETABLE TYPE- cabbage, cauliflower ,turnip
• OIL SEED TYPE –rape seed and mustard

Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara 7

 TAXONOMY

• Harberd (1972) examined 85 species of Brassica and grouped

species of the genus into cytodemes.

• These cytodemes are composed of different species with the

same chromosome number and which are cross fertile and
other are having species with different chromosome number
and cross infertile.

• According to him most important agricultural species are

four diploids, three allopolyploids, each belong to a separate
cytodeme.

Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara 8

Four diploids are :
1. B.nigra - Black mustard
2. B.oleracea - Cabbage
3. B.campestris - Rape seed.
4. B.tourney frotii - Wild turnip

Three allopoly ploids

5. B.napus - Rape seed of Europe
6. B.juncea - Indian mustard
7. B.carinata - Sthipplam mustard (veg / oil seed)

Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara 9

The genetical relationship between the oilseed brassicas
are diagrammatically represented as follows.

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Botanical name 2n Economic characters
Rape seed
1. Brassica compestris 20 Indian Rape Seed. Self sterile in nature.
Important oil seed crop of North India.
3 Cultivated types.
B.campestris var. Brown sarson
B.campestris var. Yellow sarson
B.campestris var. toria
2. B.napus 38 European Rape Seed. Self fertile.
Mustard
1. B.nigra 16 Black mustard : Native of Eurasia. 28%
fixed oil. Used as medicine pungent due to
glucoside sinigrin.
2. B.alba 24 White mustard : Young seedling used as
Salad, yellowish seed 30 % oil.
3. B.juncea 36 Indian mustard. RAI 35% oil. Leaves used
as herb contains sinigrin.

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Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara 12
Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara 13
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 Breeding objectives :
1. Seed yield : Yield is the end product of many biological
processes which are under control of complex polygenic
systems. An ideal plant type is having increased branch number,
pods per plant, seeds per pod and seed size. Further yield
increase could result from increase in biomass and harvest
index. Increased biomass can result from reduced photo
respiration and increased light saturated rate of photosynthesis.
2. Early maturity : For use in various multiple cropping
sequence.
3. Resistance to abiotic factors
Frost resistance is needed to prevent yield losses. Winter
hardiness is very important.
4. Resistance to biotic stress: Powdery mildew, Black leg
Sclerotinia rot, alternaria blight, mustard aphid - so far no
resistance source identified.
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5. Herbicide resistance : (Atrazine simabine) A few sources of
resistance is available.

6. Shattering resistance
B.napus - highly shattering
B. juncea - tolerant. Introgressive breeding done.

7. Increased oil content and quality

High oil content 45% yellow seed varieties > oil.
For industrial purpose > Erucic acid.
Development of low erucic acid cultivars for edible purpose.
Reduced linolenic acid content is also desirable.

8. Meal quality
Meal having less Glucosinolate content.
Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara 16
 BREEDING METHODS :
1. Introduction - Regina from Sweeden
2. Simple selection
3. Hybridization and selection
Intervarietal
a) Bulk method
b) Pedigree method
c) single seed descent Inter specific
4. Back cross method
5. Population improvement: Recurrent Selection, mass selection
6. Heterosis breeding: CMS lines
7. Mutation breeding
8. Tissue culture technique for production of homozygous
diploids
Saline resistance screening. Induction of mutation in haploids.
9. Embryo rescue technique for inter specific crosses.
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 BREEDING CENTRES:

National Research Centre for Mustard (NRCM) –

Bharatpur (Rajasthan)
Coordinated project at Bharathpur.

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PRACTICAL ACHIEVEMENTS

VARITIES

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