INTRODUCTION

PHILOSOPHY
IMPERATIVES OF ETHICS
ETHICS AND MORALS
MORAL STANDARD

Vertine Paul F. Beler

CAS-DSSH, Political Science Instructor
 PHILOSOPHY
🞆 Coined by Pythagoras, a Greek
Philosopher
🞆 Came from Greek words “philos”-
love and “sophia”- wisdom ----
“lover of wisdom”
Three classifications of love
⚫ Eros (erasthai) – passionate/intense love for something,
sexual desire - erotic (erotikos)
⚫ Agape – love of God for men
⚫ Philia – love that seeks truth/appreciation of the other, of
person or of reality
OTHER ESSENTIAL DEFINITION OF
PHILOSOPHY

🞆Search for meaning

🞆Science of all sciences
🞆Mother of all sciences
🞆Search for the ultimate meaning of
reality
 PHILOSOPHY AND O

🞆 Philosophy and Science – both discusses truths about

the universe
🞆 Philosophy and History – the latter serves as the
breeding ground of philosophy while the former defines
history and interprets it
🞆 Philosophy and Mathematics – both are logical bodies
of knowledge
🞆 Philosophy and Religion – that one justifies the other
 Why philosophy is important?

Develops students
Provides students with
ability to comprehend,
fundamental views in
systematic learning and
coping the changing
enhance critical
demands and ethical
thinking skills
problems
 MAJOR DISCIPLINE IN PHILOSOPHY
🞆 Logic as the study of right and sound reasoning
🞆 Epistemology as the study of the validity of knowledge
🞆 Metaphysics seeks to explain the fundamental concepts
of being
🞆 Aesthetics as the philosophical study of beauty
🞆 Cosmology deals with the study of real things in the
universe
🞆 Theodicy is the study of God and his nature
🞆 Social philosophy as the study of human and their
relation to society
🞆 Ethics as the science of the morality of human acts
ETHICS
🞆 From Greek word “ethos” or
“ethikos”–character

🞆 Imperatives of Ethics
⚫ Human freedom – be responsible
for one’s action
⚫ Existence of God – God’s presence
is the salient factor that makes
sense in the study of Ethics. God
alone can give the final judge
⚫ Immortality of the souls – a
cornerstone in Ethics
 RULE/S
🞆 It is an instruction that tell what we are allowed to do and not
to do
1. It organize relationship 3. It provides opportunity to
between individuals achieve personal and
societal goals

2. Rules make it clear on 4. It regulates various social

what is right to do/follow in institution to fulfill their
a society and what re wrong integral roles for the
to refrain from. common welfare
 MORAL
🞆 From Latin word “mos” – custom
🞆 Refers to social, cultural and
religious beliefs/values practiced
overtime by individual/group to do
what is right and refrain from
doing what is wrong

🞆 Some moral principle:

⚫ Do not cheat
⚫ Be loyal
⚫ Be patient
⚫ Always tell the truth
⚫ Be generous
 ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

🞆 Truthfulness/Honesty – among the basic princple of natural

moral law
🞆 Loyalty – the willing, practical and thoroughgoing devotion of
a person to a cause
🞆 Respect – “respect for person”
🞆 Fairness – equity, respect, justice and stewardship of the
shared world
🞆 Integrity – imposes an obligation on all individuals to be
straightforward and honest in all professional and business
relationship.
 Moral Ethics
Right and wrong Good or evil

General guidelines framed by the Response to particular situation

society

Dictated by society, culture or religion Chosen by a person under the dictate

of right reason

Vary from society-society and culture- Remains the same regardless of any
culture culture, religion/society

Expressed in a form of statement Translated into an explicit action

 Moral Standard Non Moral Standard

Concerned with/relating to human Rules that are unrelated to

behavior esp. the distinction of good moral/ethical consideration
and bad or right/ wrong

Associated with special emotions and Ex. Etiquette, fashion standard, rules
vocabulary in games, house rules, legal statutes
(laws, ordinances)

Ethical standard – principles that when followed promote

values such as honesty, patience, respect and kindness
 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL
STANDARD
🞆 It involves serious wrong/significant benefits (ex.
Following/violating rules in a game)
🞆 It ought to be preferred to other values (ex. White lies,
following ones dream but leaving ones family,
unbearable laws)
🞆 It is not established by authority figure
🞆 It has a trait of universability (Golden rule)
🞆 It is based on impartial consideration
🞆 It is associated with special emotions and vocabulary