Group 10

Plant Form
and Function
Members
1. Dương Ngọc Lan Anh - MSSV: BTBTUN21020
2. Vương Tuệ Nghi - MSSV: BTFTIU21051
2. Phan Lê Minh Như - MSSV: BTBTWE21071
4. Dương Tấn Thịnh - MSSV: BTFTIU21126
5. Nguyễn Xuân Quốc – MSSV: BTFTIU21065
6. Trương Khiết Lam- MSSV:BTBTIU21163
Knowledge Testing
01 02 03
Explain the
phenomenon of apical Describe in detail the Distinguish between
dominance. primary and secondary morphogenesis,
growth of the tissues of differentiation, and
roots and shoots. growth.

04 05
Explain how a
vegetative shoot tip Describe transportation in vascular tissue:
changes into a Water-Conducting Cells of the Xylem and
floral meristem. Sugar-Conducting Cells of the Phloem.
 1. Explain the
phenomenon of
apical dominance.
01

It's the phenomenon in plants where

a main shoot dominates and inhibits
the outgrowth of other shoots
Example:
02
Describe in
detail the
primary and
secondary
growth of the
tissues of roots
and shoots
 Source of root growth

First Second Third Fourth

Seed Plant Forms the root Root cap is

germination embryo system continuously
emerges replaced
Primary growth
The increase in length of the shoot
and the root is referred to as primary
growth and is the result of cell
division in the shoot apical
meristem.

Secondary growth
Characterized by an increase in
thickness or girth of the plant,
and is caused by cell division in
the lateral meristem.
The root tip can be divided
into three zones
Cellular
division

Cellular
elongation

Cellular
maturation
The vascular cambium
Distinguish between
morphogenesis, differentiation,
and growth
 Morphogenesis
is the biological process
that causes a cell, tissue,
or organism to develop
its shape
Cell differentiation
The process of forming a variety of
cell types. It is an essential process
to produce many specialized cell
types that make up the tissues and
organs of multicellular animals.

Cell potency
Determines the ability of cell
differentiation. Totipotent,
pluripotent, multipotent and
unipotent are four types of cell
potencies.
Cell growth
Growth is the
irreversible increase
of an organism’s size
over a given period.
It may also be
defined as one of
the characteristics of
a living thing
Explain how a vegetative shoot
tip changes into a floral
meristem
THREE PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVOLOPMENTS WHICH
MUST OCCUR
TRANSFORMATION FROM A VEGETATIVE MERISTEM
INTO A FLORAL
A PICTURE IS WORTH A
THOUSAND WORDS
 FLORAL MERISTEM IDENTITY GENES
CLASS 1: PROMOTES CLASS 2: HAS THE
FLOWER MERISTEM OPPOSITE EFFECT THAT
IDENTITY OF CLASS 1 AND
MAINTAIN THE IDENTITY
OF INFLORESCENCE
Example: SHOOT MERISTEMS
LEAFY (LFY)
APETALA 1 (AP1)
CAULIFLOWER (CAL) Example:
TERMINAL FLOWER
(TFL)
 Describe transportation in vascular
tissue: Water-Conducting Cells of the
Xylem and Sugar-Conducting Cells of
the Phloem.
 Vascular tissue system:
The transportation evolved by plants helps them to
move the food and water from one part to another
all-around their body. Consists of:

Xylem
Phloem
XYLEM AND TRANSPIRATION
 Stage of translocation:

Loading (active
1 2 Osmosis
process)

3 Bulk flow 4 Unloading

Due to the osmosis,

5 water need to moves
backs to the xylems.
 QUESTION 6

DESCRIBE HOW PROTON PUMPS FUNCTION IN

TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS ACROSS
MEMBRANES
 WHAT IS PROTON PUMP?

Proton pump is a membrane –

integrated protein which is able to
mobilize protons to generate a
proton gradient across the
membrane by moving protons
against the concentration The proton pump plays
an important role in cell
This proton gradient respiration and
constitutes a fundamental photosynthesis
energy reservoir
HOW IT WORKS
 HOW IT WORKS
This produces a higher concentration
of protons in the intermembrane
space than in the matrix, setting up a
The energy is used to move concentration gradient and establish
protons from the matrix of an electrochemical potential that acts
the mitochondrion into the as a kind of battery or reservoir of
space between the inner stored energy for the cell because
and outer membranes of there are more protons outside the The inner cell
the mitochondrial envelope matrix than inside membrane
because this process is an functions in a
active transport similar way to a
dam in a river. It
blocks protons
The proton pump does not
from drifting back
create energy. Instead, the
to the matrix
gradient stores energy for
the appropriate time
 QUESTION 7

DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF STOMATA AND

DISCUSS FACTORS THAT MIGHT AFFECT THEIR
DENSITY AND BEHAVIOR
 WHAT IS STOMATA?

Stoma/stomata: is a
They allow the inward
microscopic pore Stomata control the
diffusion of carbon
surrounded by guard movement of gases
dioxide to be used in
cells in the epidermis of between the atmosphere
photosynthesis and the
leaves and stems that and the air space inside
outward diffusion of
allows gas exchange the leaf
water vapor and oxygen
between the
in transpiration
environment and the
interior of the plant
Click here to enter your text message s click click to enter your
text messages

to enter your text message s click click to enter your text

messages

Click here to enter your text message s click click to enter your
text messages
 Generally, plants are only designed
Stomata density: If water is not available,
to function well over a
stomata per unit excessive evaporation
rather narrow rangemightoflead to
area​ desiccation and an equally
temperatures
severe disruption of photosynthetic
-> To avoid this, an individual
function. Thus,
plant mayone might
open expect and
its stomata
Environmental variation
plant leaves exposed towhich
evaporate water droughtwill lower
in sunlight and water
conditions to have
the leaf fewer stomata
temperature. Thus, in
leaves
availability​
sunlit environments.​
in the sun should have higher
stomata density than do leaves in
the shade
Open stomata are in Closed stomata are in
response to: response to:
• increasing light • darkness
intensity • high carbon dioxide
• low carbon dioxide concentrations in
concentrations in the air spaces in the
the air spaces leaf
within the leaf • high temperature
• water stress
 QUESTION 8

COMPARE THE GROWTH OF A PLANT IN

DARKNESS (ETIOLATION) AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF GREENING (DE –
ETIOLATION)
CLOSED APICAL HOOK OPENED APICAL HOOK
 QUESTION 9

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS ? WHAT
ADVANTAGE DID GYMNOSPERMS HAVE OVER
ANGIOSPERMS ?
 ADD YOUR TITLE

ADD YOUR TITLE ADD YOUR TITLE

 GYMNOSPERMS ANGINOSPEMRS

Seeds are developed in unisexual cones Seeds are developed in ovaries and
known as “strobili”, and the plant lacks surrounded by a fruit. Flowers in plants can
fruits and flowers have both male and female parts or be
unisexual (male or female flowers)

Evergreen Life cycle depends on the seasons

ADD YOUR TITLE

Do not contain vessels The most ancient angiosperms contain

conducting tissues called vessels

Majority of plants are woody trees Majority of plants are flowering and
(conifers, cedars) and shrubs fruit trees (palms, daisy, buttercup, rose)
(camellia and lavender)
 GYMNOSPERMS ANGINOSPEMRS

Has haploid tissue Has triploid tissue

Leaves are scale-like and Leaves are flat-shape

needle-like

Softwood Hardwood

Reproduction relies on wind Reproduction relies on

animals
WHAT ADVANTAGES DID ANGIOSPERMS HAVE OVER GYMNOSPEMRS ?

Wind
Angiosperms have a variation of ways of pollination
that are not found in gymnosperms
Water

Angiosperms mature more quickly and Animals

produce greater amount of seeds

Angiosperms can survive in more diverse habitats

due to their physical adaptations
WHAT ADVANTAGES DID ANGIOSPERMS HAVE OVER GYMNOSPEMRS ?

Angiosperm ovules are wrapped in an ovary, rather than

being exposed on the sporophylls of a strobilus as
gymnosperm ovules are

Angiosperms seeds are enclosed in a fruit for easy

dispersal by wind, water, or animals

Flowers are produced by all angiosperms. Most flowers have

attractive petals to attract pollinators. Animal pollination is
common in angiosperms, as opposed to gymnosperms, which
are usually pollinated by the wind
 QUESTION 10

DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

VASCULAR AND NONVASCULAR PLANT
 WHAT ARE VASCULAR PLANTS ?
Vascular plants are also called tracheophytes. The
vascular plants are highly ordered, and land plants,
including flowering vascular plants and ferns

Contains vascular
tissues

Advanced plants with a transporting function

that occurred vascular tissues

Eukaryotes
 WHAT ARE NONVASCULAR PLANTS ?
Nonvascular plants are bryophytes.
They include liverworts, hornworts
and moss

Small
True leaves Seeds Flowers

Have hair – like rhizoids to anchor

them to the ground and to absorb water
and minerals

Occupy in moist habitats

 VASCULAR PLANTS NONVASCULAR PLANTS

Found on land that have Mostly found in damp

lignified tissues and moist area

Also known as Also known as

tracheophytes bryophytes

Numerous and more Fewer in number and

diverse than nonvascular less diverse than
plants vascular plants

Land plants Damp, shady or

swampy plants
VASCULAR PLANTS NONVASCULAR
PLANTS
Are characterized by the Are characterized by the
presence of a vascular absence of a vascular
tissue system tissue system

The lignified tissue Tender and shorter

system is strong and rigid than vascular plants

The prominent lifecycle in The prominent lifecycle in

vascular plants is the nonvascular plants is the
sporophyte gametophyte

The arrangement of cells is The arrangement of cells

more complex and mostly is simpler than that in
characteristics vascular plants
VASCULAR PLANTS NONVASCULAR
PLANTS
The root with Rhizoids with hair –
branches is true like structures

The stem in vascular No true stem in

plants is multilayered nonvascular plants

True leaves No true leaves

Leaves and other parts Don’t have cuticles

have cuticles

Appeared later than Firstly appeared on

nonvascular plants earth
THANKS FOR
LISTENING